Chemical features of the photosensitizers new methylene blue N and S137 influence their subcellular localization and photoinactivation efficiency in Candida albicans

Rodrigues, Gabriela Braga; Brancini, Guilherme Thomaz Pereira; Uyemura, Sérgio Akira; Bachmann, Luciano; Wainwright, Mark; Braga, Gilberto Úbida Leite

doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111942

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Indeed, S137 is a much more lipophilic PS with a great affinity towards membrane lipids (Supplementary Figure 2) [48]. This increased affinity allows S137 to interact more strongly with cell membranes, causing disturbances that increase its permeability [18]. Also, a previous study has reported that S137 is effective against many species of Candida even in the dark [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Phenothiazinium PSs, such as methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue (TBO), are among the most used PSs in APDT as they present low toxicity and are clinically approved for human use [14][15][16]. Photosensitizers with different structures vary in many properties, such as cell attachment efficiency and localization, both of which greatly influence the efficacy of APDT [17,18]. As such, PSs may be chemically modified to produce novel molecules with improved properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As such, PSs may be chemically modified to produce novel molecules with improved properties. For instance, derivatives such as new methylene blue N (NMBN) and the pentacyclic PS S137 were developed from and shown to be more effective than MB [18][19][20]. APDT with phenothiazinium PSs has been used to kill a diversity of both yeasts and filamentous fungi, including Candida [21][22][23][24], Metarhizium, Aspergillus [25], Fusarium [26,27], Colletotrichum [28][29][30], Neoscytalidium [31], Scedosporium and Lomentospora [32], Exophiala [33], and Rhizopus [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In vitro and in vivo photodynamic efficacies of novel and conventional phenothiazinium photosensitizers against multidrug-resistant Candida auris

Barião

Tonani

Brancini

et al. 2022

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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The fast-emerging and multidrug-resistant Candida auris is the first fungal pathogen to be considered a threat to global public health. Thus, there is a high unmet medical need to develop new therapeutic strategies to control this species. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a promising alternative that simultaneously targets and damages numerous microbial biomolecules. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of APDT with four phenothiazinium photosensitizers: (i) methylene blue (MB), (ii) toluidine blue (TBO), and two MB derivatives, (iii) new methylene blue (NMBN) and (iv) the pentacyclic derivative S137, against C. auris. To measure the in vitro efficacy of each PS, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and survival fraction were determined. Also, the efficiency of APDT was evaluated in vivo with the Galleria mellonella insect model for infection and treatment. Although the C. auris strain used in our study was shown to be resistant to the most-commonly used clinical antifungals, it could not withstand the damages imposed by APDT with any of the four photosensitizers. However, for the in vivo model, only APDT performed with S137 allowed survival of infected G. mellonella larvae. Our results show that structural and chemical properties of the photosensitizers play a major role on the outcomes of in vivo APDT and underscore the need to synthesize and develop novel photosensitizing molecules against multidrug-resistant microorganisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%