Chemical Mass Balance

Watson, John G.; Chow, Judith C.; Pace, Tom

doi:10.1016/s0922-3487(08)70127-8

Cited by 59 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…1 Recent studies in the United States show substantial differences between hydrocarbon emissions inventory estimates and measured emission rates from on-road vehicles. 2,3 The CMB receptor model [4][5][6][7][8] has been used to estimate contributions from NMOC sources to ambient levels in urban air. The CMB needs the fractional mass concentration of each NMOC species from each source type (i.e., the source profile).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Motor Vehicle Profiles for Non-Methane Organic Compounds in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Múgica

Vega

Arriaga

et al. 1998

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Non-methane organic compound (NMOC) profiles for onroad motor vehicle emissions were measured in a downtown tunnel and parking garages in Mexico City during 1996. Hydrocarbon samples from the tunnel and ambient air samples (C2-C12) were collected using stainless steel canisters, and carbonyl compounds were collected using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) impregnated cartridges. Canister samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) to ascertain detailed hydrocarbon composition. DNPH samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). NMOC source profiles were quantified for evaporative emissions from refueling, cold start, and hot soak, and on-road operating conditions. The ultimate purpose will be to determine the apportionment of ambient NMOC concentrations using the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model. The tunnel profile contained 42.3 ppbC% of alkanes, 20.6 ppbC% of unsaturated compounds, and 22.4 ppbC% of aromatics. The most abundant species were acetylene with 7.22 ppbC%, followed by ipentane with 5.69 ppbC%, and toluene with 5.42 ppbC%. These results were compared with those from studies in the United States. The cold start profile was found to be similar to the tunnel profile, although there were differences in the content of acetylene, IMPLICATIONSThe high levels of ozone in the Mexico City atmosphere have increased the attention to the presence of its precursors, such as volatile NMOC and nitrogen oxides, mainly in the sources and fate of organics in ambient air. This paper presents the first reported measurements of vehicle emissions in a tunnel and parking garages to evaluate the vehicular NMOC profiles in Mexico City. These profiles can be used in the CMB model to estimate the relative contributions of these sources to the total ambient hydrocarbon concentration.isopentane, and oxygenates. The abundance of saturated NMOC in the hot soak profile was similar to gasoline head space profiles; it was also much larger than saturated NMOC in the roadway profile.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Motor Vehicle Profiles for Non-Methane Organic Compounds in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Múgica

Vega

Arriaga

et al. 1998

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…5,13 The CMB quantified contributions from chemically distinct source types rather than contributions from individual emitters. Sources with similar chemical and physical properties could not be distinguished from each other by the CMB.…”

Section: Data Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formalized protocol for CMB model application and validation 5,14,15 was applied during this study. This required the application of initial CMB tests designed to select a core set of source profiles and fitting species for the ambient data.…”

Section: Data Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The source apportionment was conducted with the chemical mass balance (CMB) method. 5 The CMB combines the chemical and physical characteristics of particles and gases measured from each major source (e.g., diesel, rock dust) and the receptors (e.g., mine air) to quantify the source contributions to the receptor. 6 This technique has been employed in numerous ambient air quality assessments 7,8 and one coal mine study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Source Apportionment of Airborne Fine Particulate Matter in an Underground Mine

McDonald

Zielińska

Sagebiel

et al. 2003

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The chemical mass balance source apportionment technique was applied to an underground gold mine to assess the contribution of diesel exhaust, rock dust, oil mists, and cigarette smoke to airborne fine (Ͻ2.5 m) particulate matter (PM). Apportionments were conducted in two locations in the mine, one near the mining operations and one near the exit of the mine where the ventilated mine air was exhausted. Results showed that diesel exhaust contributed 78 -98% of the fine particulate mass and greater than 90% of the fine particle carbon, with rock dust making up the remainder. Oil mists and cigarette smoke contributions were below detection limits for this study. The diesel exhaust fraction of the total fine PM was higher than the recently implemented mine air quality standards based on total carbon at both sample locations in the mine.

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“…Receptor models that derive profiles from ambient/indoor measurements requires systematic chemically speciated emission profiles from prominent sources that were possible to effect pollutant concentration at receptor for verification (Hopke, 1999;Watson et al, , 2002Brook et al, 2003;Gupta et al, 2007). These source profiles are the fractional mass (abundances ± uncertainty) of measured chemical species relative to primary PM mass of source emissions ) and one of the most important parameters (Pant and Harrison, 2012) to: 1) create chemically speciated emission inventories (Cass and McRae, 1983;Kuykendal et al, 1990;Chow et al, 2004), 2) apportion receptor concentrations to source (Watson et al, 1984(Watson et al, , 1991) and 3) estimate toxic and hazardous pollutant emissions (Chow et al, 2004). Chemical abundance in most of earlier source profiles is accompanied by an uncertainty/standard deviation value that intends to represent the errors/variability of that abundance resulting from differences among separate emitters and between samples taken same/different times from the same emitters; which is essential to CMB runs Chow et al, 2003;Ho et al, 2003;Chow et al, 2004;Tsai et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PM2.5 Chemical Source Profiles of Emissions Resulting from Industrial and Domestic Burning Activities in India

Matawle

Pervez

Dewangan

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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A study has been performed to develop PM 2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5) chemically speciated source profiles of different industrial and domestic burning practices in India. A total of fifty-five PM 2.5 samples have been collected in emissions resulting from (1) industrial furnaces, (2) household fuels, (3) municipal solid waste burning, and (4) welding workshop burning practices, and categorized for eleven subtypes of sources. The collected samples were subjected to chemical analysis for twenty-one elemental (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, V, Zn), nine ionic (Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , NH 4 + , Cl -, F -, NO 3 -, SO 4 2-), OC, and EC source indicator species using atomic absorption spectrometry, ion chromatography and carbon analysis (thermal/optical transmittance method), respectively. The carbonaceous fraction was most abundant in household fuel burning emissions (47.6 ± 7.45% to 65.92 ± 13.13%). The ionic/elemental ratios of major inorganic constituents (Ca 2+ /Ca, Mg 2+ /Mg and Na + /Na) have been identified to describe the PM 2.5 emissions from combustion or re-suspension dusts during industrial activities. Brick Kiln processes (BKP) have been identified as the major emitter of the highest number of toxic species (Cd, Co, Mo, Sb and V), followed by steel rerolling mills (Hg and Pb) and steel processing industries (As, Ni). The source marker calculations also confirmed that K + , Mn, and As are good markers for biomass burning, metallurgical industrial emission, and coal burning, respectively, similar to the findings in previous studies.

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Chemical Mass Balance

Cited by 59 publications

References 12 publications

Determination of Motor Vehicle Profiles for Non-Methane Organic Compounds in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Determination of Motor Vehicle Profiles for Non-Methane Organic Compounds in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Source Apportionment of Airborne Fine Particulate Matter in an Underground Mine

PM2.5 Chemical Source Profiles of Emissions Resulting from Industrial and Domestic Burning Activities in India

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