Chemical monitoring of urine from workers potentially exposed to benzidine-derived azo dyes

Lowry, Larry K.; Tolos, William P.; Boeniger, Mark F.; Nony, Charles R.; Bowman, Malcolm C.

doi:10.1016/0378-4274(80)90081-8

Cited by 50 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…That is, similar results and risks associated with exposure to benzidine should be anticipated with most dyes based on benzidine and its congeners (10). These results also imply that benzidine detected in urine from workers exposed to benzidine-based dyes was probably derived from the dyes, rather than from traces of benzidine present in the dyes as a contaminant (12). The significance of this finding is that the production and use of benzidine and related dyes carries inherent risks which cannot be overcome by producing and using dyes which contain less of the respective parent amine as a contaminant.…”

Section: Metabolism/disposition Ofdyessupporting

confidence: 50%

Summary of the National Toxicology Program Benzidine Dye Initiative

Morgan¹,

Dunnick²,

Goehl³

et al. 1994

Environmental Health Perspectives

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The benzidine dye initiative is a research program established by the National Toxicology Program to generate an integrated body of scientific information regarding the potential health risks associated with exposure to benzidine-and benzidine-congener-derived dyes. Because an indepth evaluation of each of the hundreds of benzidine-congener-derived dyes was considered impractical, the research program was designed to study the metabolism and disposition, genetic toxicity, and in vivo toxicity and carcinogenicity of two primary benzidine congeners, 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine and 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine, and a select group of prototypical dyes derived from those amines. It was anticipated that by applying the basic information generated in these extensive studies, it would be possible to make regulatory decisions about other dyes after conducting only a minimal number of experiments such as studies of disposition and metabolism, and in vitro mutagenicity. This paper summarizes the results of studies conducted to evaluate the metabolism, disposition, mutagenicity, toxicity, and carcinogenicity of representative benzidine congeners and derived dyes. -Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 2): 63-78 (1994).

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Section: Metabolism/disposition Ofdyessupporting

confidence: 50%

Summary of the National Toxicology Program Benzidine Dye Initiative

Morgan¹,

Dunnick²,

Goehl³

et al. 1994

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…Since both benzidine and N-acetylbenzidine give the same adduct and the same level of binding, this indicates that there is an equilibrium between acetylation and deacetylation with deacetylation greatly favored. Since individuals who have been exposed to benzidine-based azo dyes have been reported to excrete substantial quantities of N-acetylbenzidine (42), these data suggest either that the dog is a poor model or that it seriously underestimates the potential risk of benzidine exposure in man.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Arylamine-DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo: their role in bacterial mutagenesis and urinary bladder carcinogenesis

Beland¹,

Beranek²,

Dooley³

et al. 1983

Environ Health Perspect

176

126

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Hepatic N-oxidation, followed by N-glucuronidation, has been proposed as a route of metabolic activation for arylamine bladder carcinogens. It is postulated that the N-glucuronides are transported to the bladder lumen where they are hydrolyzed under slightly acidic conditions to release directacting carcinogenic and mutagenic N-hydroxyarylamines. In this study, 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP), 1-naphthylamine (1-NA), 2-naphthylamine (2-NA), 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), 4-nitrobiphenyl (NBP), benzidine (BZ), and N-acetylbenzidine (ABZ) were administered to male beagle dogs (60 mmole/kg), and the bladder epithelium DNA adducts were quantified at various times after treatment. At 24-48 hr after administration, the order of binding to bladder epithelium DNA was: ABP >> AAF > NBP 2-NA-BZ ABZ>> 1-NA. The level of DNA modification by ABP remained constant for 7 days, whereas 2-NA and AAF residues decreased by 35% and 80%, respectively. The extent and relative persistence of total DNA binding correlated with the compounds' ability to induce bladder tumors in dogs. ABP, AAF, NBP, 2-NA and ABZ administration resulted in DNA binding sufficient for adduct analysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the DNA and examination of the adducts by high pressure liquid chromatography indicated that arylamine substitution at C8 of deoxyguanosine was the dominant product. Additional adducts were detected in animals treated with ABP, NBP, and 2-NA. Furthermore, the profiles of adducts obtained in vivo were remarkably similar to the profiles obtained when the N-hydroxy arylamine metabolites of these carcinogens were reacted with DNA in vitro at pH 5.0. To evaluate the mutagenic potential of these arylamine-DNA adducts, Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535 and TA 1538 were incubated with N-hydroxy-2-NA, N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene (AF), N-hydroxy-ABP, and N-hydroxy-ABZ and the resulting DNA adducts and reversions were quantified. Arylamine-C8-deoxyguanosine substitution was correlated with frameshift reversions induced by these agents, with the lesions showing a relative order of mutagenic efficiency of ABZ>AF-2-NA>ABP. These data suggest that mutagenic N-hydroxyarylamines may be ultimate carcinogens for the bladder epithelium. Furthermore, if one assumes that a mutagenic lesion is important for tumor initiation, then C8-deoxyguanosine substitution by these compounds may be significant for urinary bladder carcinogenesis.

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“…uidine, benzidine, dichlorobenzidine, monoacetylbenzidine, o-toluidine, diacetyl-o-toluidine, acetaniline) have been reported by different authors (Akiyama 1970 ;Ehrlicher 1958 ;Brown et al 1977, cited in Beratergremium ffir Umweltrelevante Altstoffe 1989 b; Dieteren 1966 ;Folland et al 1978 ;Genin 1977 ;Geyer and Fattal 1987 ;Hoechst 1986, cited in Beratergremium ffir Umweltrelevante Altstoffe 1989 a; Jurincic et al 1991 ;Lewalter 1985 ;Lowry et al 1980 ;Meal et al 1981 ;Teass et al 1993) We could determine a wide range of aromatic amines in occupationally exposed workers with the chromatographic method used in our study We detected different arylamines in the urine of occupationally not exposed smokers and nonsmokers (aniline, p-toluidine, 2-naphthylamine, 4-chloro-o-toluidine) Additionally, in smoking controls 4-chloroaniline, o-toluidine, m-toluidine, benzidine, and…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Biomonitoring of urinary aromatic amines and arylamine hemoglobin adducts in exposed workers and nonexposed control persons

Riffelmann

Müller

Schmieding

et al. 1996

Int. Arch Occup Environ Heath

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The renal excretion of arylamines in occupationally exposed and nonexposed subjects was measured by a gas chromatography-electron capture detector method. Additionally, in the occupationally exposed persons hemoglobin adduct levels of arylamines were determined by a liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector method, together with the individual acetylator status. The aromatic amines aniline, p-toluidine, 2-naphthylamine, and 4-chloro-o-toluidine were detected in the urine of nonsmoking subjects who were not occupationally exposed to arylamines. Significantly higher concentrations of aniline, o-toluidine, m-toluidine, 2-naphthylamine, and 4-methyl-1,3-phenylenediamine could be observed in the urine of smoking control persons in comparison to nonsmokers. Comparison of smokers and nonsmokers in a group of workers primarily exposed to aniline and 4-chloroaniline revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) in the formation of 4-aminodiphenyl hemoglobin adducts and in the renal excretion of 2-naphthylamine. The slow acetylators in this group produced significantly more hemoglobin adducts of aniline and 4-chloroaniline than did the fast acetylators. In slow acetylators among the smoking workers there was a significant increase in the formation of 4-aminodiphenyl hemoglobin adducts and in the renal excretion of 4-chloroaniline and m-toluidine. The results indicate that there are influences of smoking habits and acetylator status on the levels of arylamine hemoglobin adducts as well as urinary arylamine concentrations. Hemoglobin adducts seem to be good parameters for monitoring aniline and 4-chloroaniline exposure at the workplace, especially if the acetylator polymorphism can be taken into account. 4-Aminodiphenyl hemoglobin adducts might be good parameters for monitoring individual smoking habits. The determination of urinary arylamine concentrations provides additional information concerning acute exposures to aromatic amines.

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Chemical monitoring of urine from workers potentially exposed to benzidine-derived azo dyes

Cited by 50 publications

References 4 publications

Summary of the National Toxicology Program Benzidine Dye Initiative

Summary of the National Toxicology Program Benzidine Dye Initiative

Arylamine-DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo: their role in bacterial mutagenesis and urinary bladder carcinogenesis

Biomonitoring of urinary aromatic amines and arylamine hemoglobin adducts in exposed workers and nonexposed control persons

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