Chemical reaction fouling: A review

Watkinson, A. P.; Wilson, D.I.

doi:10.1016/s0894-1777(96)00138-0

Cited by 139 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Most fouling involving organic systems has shown a strong dependence on temperature (Watkinson and Wilson, 1997) because of changes to the fluid characteristics which produce deposits. In cases where fouling is due to chemical reaction or solubility effects in the bulk solution, bulk temperatures can play a major role in the formation of fouling precursors (Eaton and Lux, 1984).…”

Section: Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Polyphenolics from Apple Juice by Foam Fractionation

Saleh¹,

Stanley²,

Nigam³

2006

International Journal of Food Engineering

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The performance of nano-filtration (NF) for separating phenolic compounds from sugar in apple juice was studied using 1 and 0.25 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) spiral wound membranes. If these phenolic compounds could be recovered, they could stabilize the juice from haze formation or be added as antioxidants to foods and beverages in order to increase their health properties. Batch experiments were conducted on a pilot scale rig using a diluted clear apple juice concentrate. For the 1 kDa MWCO membrane, the research determined the effect of operating conditions on process efficiency and membrane fouling. The concentration of polyphenolics on the retentate side increased by a factor of up to 4 and the sugar concentration increased by 1.5 times under optimum conditions of lower temperature (30oC), acidic pH (2), lower transmembrane pressure (5 Bar) and higher initial sugar concentration (20 oBrix). Despite the increase in polyphenolics in the retentate, there was little difference in the phenolic composition between retentate and permeate solutions. As the molecular mass of the rejected phenolics was smaller than the membrane cut-off, this indicated that the rejection was related to the formation of a secondary membrane formed as a result of fouling. A mass balance of polyphenolics in the final retentate and permeate compared with the initial feed solution indicated that up to 4.3 gm of polyphenolics were bound per m2 of membrane. The permeate solutions collected from the 1 kDa MWCO membrane were then filtered using a 0.25 kDa MWCO membrane. Most phenolic compounds were retained by the membrane and the concentration increased by a factor of up to 2. Catechin, rutin, phloridzin and quercetin derivatives were concentrated on the retentate side. However, around 20 -40% of chlorogenic acid and epicatechin was observed on the permeate side. It is concluded that membrane separation represents a potentially efficient and cost-effective technology to separate the phenolic fraction of fruit juice in a form suitable for use as a functional ingredient.

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Section: Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Polyphenolics from Apple Juice by Foam Fractionation

Saleh¹,

Stanley²,

Nigam³

2006

International Journal of Food Engineering

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“…These temperature ranges, as mentioned by [41] are the expected ranges for the diesel fuel in an engine. The spill fuel warms up as it passes the injector and the pump.…”

Section: Influence Of Temperature and Chemical Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…This value is given without any reference. The review paper by Watkinson and Wilson [41] discuss the complicated chemical background of the fouling process e.g. in heat exchangers.…”

Section: Influence Of Temperature and Chemical Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further the "autoxidation of hydrocarbons has been identified as the main source of unwanted deposits in reviews of fuel storage stability […] in the temperature range from ambient to 300°C. Deposition in oxygenated hydrocarbon systems above 250-300°C is dominated by thermal condensation and cracking reactions" [41]. In [42] by G. Lepperhoff and M. Houben it is stated that "Deposit locations at high temperature areas of an engine primarily result from non-metallic residuals from evaporating or burning fuel and/or lubricants".…”

Section: Influence Of Temperature and Chemical Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deposit Formation in the Holes of Diesel Injector Nozzles: A Critical Review

Birgel¹,

Ladommatos²,

Aleiferis³

et al. 2008

SAE Technical Paper Series

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Current developments in fuels and emissions regulations are resulting in increasingly severe operating environment for the injection system. Formation of deposits within the holes of the injector nozzle or on the outside of the injector tip may have an adverse effect on overall system performance. This paper provides a critical review of the current understanding of the main factors affecting deposit formation.Two main types of engine test cycles, which attempt to simulate field conditions, are described in the literature. The first type involves cycling between high and low load. The second involves steady state operation at constant speed either at medium or high load.

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“…Particulate fouling is described as the deposition of dirt, clay, or rust suspended in the fluid onto the heat transfer surface [3]. The deposition resulting from one or more chemical reactions between the components contained in the fluid is termed as chemical reaction fouling [4,5]. When the deposition is the result of a chemical reaction that involves a component in the fluid and the metal surface, it is called as corrosion fouling [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CFD Simulations of Crude Oil Fouling on Heat Transfer Surfaces

Gounder¹,

Emani²

2018

Computational Fluid Dynamics - Basic Instruments and Applications in Science

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Advancements in the computational techniques have led to the development of various numerical models and methods to predict the occurrence of crude oil fouling in heat exchangers. Computational fluid dynamics has been employed in the field of crude oil fouling research in the recent past, which led to the concept of investigating the effects of various operating conditions on deposit formations on heat transfer surfaces. Various processes associated with crude oil fouling, such as asphaltenes precipitation and chemical reactions, have been studied through CFD simulations. This chapter provides stateof-the-art review on various CFD approaches and describes the discrete-phase CFD modeling of crude oil fouling through asphaltenes deposition on heat transfer surfaces.

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Chemical reaction fouling: A review

Cited by 139 publications

References 40 publications

Extraction of Polyphenolics from Apple Juice by Foam Fractionation

Extraction of Polyphenolics from Apple Juice by Foam Fractionation

Deposit Formation in the Holes of Diesel Injector Nozzles: A Critical Review

CFD Simulations of Crude Oil Fouling on Heat Transfer Surfaces

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