A facile method to coat silica surfaces with THPMP is introduced, forming simultaneously a protein resistant and bioconjugable surface.The coating is experimentally identified and its anti-fouling and bioconjugable characteristics are demonstrated.Chemical modication of surfaces, which enables unprecedented manipulation of the characteristics of materials, can be attained by a virtually indenite number of different compounds and methods. Regarding the accommodation of molecules over surfaces, self-assembly strategies depending on spontaneous interactions of the molecules with the surface for the formation of mono-or multilayers are among the most frequently utilized. Self-assembly generally occurs via functional head groups having high affinity towards the substrate, anchoring the molecule covalently or non-covalently to the surface. Among various different head groups, silanes are particularly important and widely used, while the knowledge regarding their assembly is far more empirical, besides being practical. Silanes are assumed to form monolayers over the surfaces; yet this is a controversial issue since their assembly depends highly on the environmental conditions, obstructing the formation of lms with well-dened characteristics. Also polymerization frequently occurs during their assembly.
1The characteristics of a silane based coating depend on many factors such as density, 2 chain length and functional group.3 Having a coating with simultaneously more than one function thus represents a challenge for silane based molecules, since an alteration in one directly affects the nature of whole coating. Coating with more than one molecule is hypothetically possible, either simultaneously or sequentially. However, it is not practical to perform in every case due to easy polymerization and unpredictable assembly behavior of silanes.
1Here we propose an alternative strategy for realizing antifouling surfaces with bioconjugation capability by using only a single molecule for surface modication. We utilized THPMP, a commercial small silane-based molecule, to produce a bioconjugable and anti-fouling silica surface (see ESI † for details). Phosphonates have been used as functional groups stabilizing silica containing nanoparticles against aggregation 4 or sites for covalently anchoring primary amines to other molecules such as nucleic acids.5 Also, it has been shown previously that methylphosphonate containing silica nanoparticles exhibited signicantly reduced non-specic biological interactions, 6 and our research group has recently demonstrated that methylphosphonate conjugation particularly decreased protein adsorption on silica nanoparticles.7 However, to the best of our knowledge, neither the characteristics of these phosphonatebased lms were investigated in detail, nor were their bioconjugation properties utilized together with their protein resistant characteristics. In this study, we experimentally characterized the THPMP lm, and examined it regarding its protein resistance and bioconjugation characteris...