Chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition for advanced lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors

Wang, Xinran; Yushin, Gleb

doi:10.1039/c5ee01254f

Cited by 254 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 211 publications

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“…20,55 Coatings can be vapor deposited on the cathode half cell, which is a composite of the active cathode powder with polymeric binder and conductive carbon, during cell assembly. [76][77][78][79][80] Vapor deposition coats the pores of the cathode layer, where the electrolyte is later injected.…”

Section: Discussion: Coating Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We considered fully lithiated cathode/coating pairs under stable equilibrium at 500 K and 1,000 K, reflecting conditions of coating deposition and heattreatment respectively. 55 To account for elevated temperatures, we consider the (temperature-dependent) free energy of O 2 , while the free energies of solid phases were maintained at their 0 K values. When kinetic barriers constrain a system from reaching the true stable equilibrium, the system can retain a state of metastable equilibrium, which is not a global but a local energy minimum.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lithium-Ion Cathode/Coating Pairs for Transition Metal Containment

Snydacker

Aykol

Kirklin

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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For many lithium-ion cathode materials, transition metal (TM) dissolution into the electrolyte contributes to cell degradation. Cathode coatings can limit TM dissolution by containing TMs in cathode materials. We perform density functional theory calculations to evaluate cathode/coating pairs for TM containment, specifically focusing on reactive stability of coating/cathode pairs as well as TM solubility in the coating materials. We consider stability and containment of materials at both synthesis and operating conditions. We find that many cathode/coating pairs are reactive when lithiated, while other cathode-coating pairs are stable when lithiated but become reactive following delithiation. Of all the coatings that we considered, Li 3 PO 4 occupies a unique chemical position, in that its coatings on oxide cathode materials maintained equilibrium under both lithiated and delithiated conditions. Furthermore, for oxide cathode materials, the Li 3 PO 4 coatings exhibit low TM solubilities across all cathode states of charge. Our results demonstrate that Li 3 PO 4 is a promising candidate for stable coatings on oxide cathode materials to limit TM dissolution into the electrolyte. Li-ion batteries are the dominant power sources in consumer electronics, and they are emerging as cost-competitive players in lowcarbon electricity systems and vehicles. However, many technologies are encumbered by the limited durability of today's Li-ion cells. For these applications, battery manufacturers have an incentive to improve cell durability. Transition metal (TM) dissolution from the cathode is a major contributor to cell degradation during cycling and aging.1 TM dissolution from the cathode contributes directly to capacity loss by decreasing the amount of cathode material. Furthermore, TMs that dissolve from the cathode material can migrate through the electrolyte to the anode, where they can cause changes to the anode Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI).2,3 These changes to the SEI increase impedance, decrease cell capacity, and decrease lifespan.A variety of strategies have been used to limit degradation by TMs. Electrolyte additives have been used to control SEI formation and limit the impact of TMs in the electrolyte. 4,5 Molecules have been attached to the polymer separator to sequester TMs from the electrolyte before they reach the anode. 6 In this work, we consider upstream strategies that limit TM dissolution from the cathode into the electrolyte. These upstream strategies are complementary to other strategies, including SEI formation and TM sequestration. There are several distinct categories of strategies for limiting TM dissolution from the cathode. Electrolytes can be tailored to reduce reactivity with the cathode. 7-9Cathode materials can be doped to control the oxidation states of transition metals. 10,11 This doping can be applied to the entire cathode particle or just near the surface.12 Cathode materials can also be covered with surface coatings to limit TM dissolution. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Surface coati...

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Section: Discussion: Coating Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium-Ion Cathode/Coating Pairs for Transition Metal Containment

Snydacker

Aykol

Kirklin

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…ALD Al 2 O 3 is generally used for this application and it has been found that a few ALD cycles can improve the cycling capability and capacity retention of the electrodes [80,81]. These results will not be discussed further here but the reader is advised that a lot of literature on this subject is available [80][81][82][83]. Some examples of ALD-made metal fluorides as artificial SEI layers will be shortly mentioned in Section 5.…”

Section: Atomic Layer Deposition Of Conventional Lithium-ion Battery mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, ALD has also been studied extensively as a method to modify the interfaces between the electrodes and the electrolyte by forming an artificial SEI-layer [75,80,81]. ALD Al 2 O 3 is generally used for this application and it has been found that a few ALD cycles can improve the cycling capability and capacity retention of the electrodes [80,81]. These results will not be discussed further here but the reader is advised that a lot of literature on this subject is available [80][81][82][83].…”

Section: Atomic Layer Deposition Of Conventional Lithium-ion Battery mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a more thorough review of this subject, both review articles and books are available [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79]. In recent years, ALD has also been studied extensively as a method to modify the interfaces between the electrodes and the electrolyte by forming an artificial SEI-layer [75,80,81]. ALD Al 2 O 3 is generally used for this application and it has been found that a few ALD cycles can improve the cycling capability and capacity retention of the electrodes [80,81].…”

Section: Atomic Layer Deposition Of Conventional Lithium-ion Battery mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metal Fluorides as Lithium-Ion Battery Materials: An Atomic Layer Deposition Perspective

2018

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Lithium-ion batteries are the enabling technology for a variety of modern day devices, including cell phones, laptops and electric vehicles. To answer the energy and voltage demands of future applications, further materials engineering of the battery components is necessary. To that end, metal fluorides could provide interesting new conversion cathode and solid electrolyte materials for future batteries. To be applicable in thin film batteries, metal fluorides should be deposited with a method providing a high level of control over uniformity and conformality on various substrate materials and geometries. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), a method widely used in microelectronics, offers unrivalled film uniformity and conformality, in conjunction with strict control of film composition. In this review, the basics of lithium-ion batteries are shortly introduced, followed by a discussion of metal fluorides as potential lithium-ion battery materials. The basics of ALD are then covered, followed by a review of some conventional lithium-ion battery materials that have been deposited by ALD. Finally, metal fluoride ALD processes reported in the literature are comprehensively reviewed. It is clear that more research on the ALD of fluorides is needed, especially transition metal fluorides, to expand the number of potential battery materials available.

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