Chemical vapor synthesis and characterization of chromium doped zinc oxide nanoparticles

Solid State Reactions in Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Triethanolamine Chemical Precipitation

“…This contraction is proportional to the surface energy and inversely proportional to the particle size, where lattice contraction has been observed experimentally on many solids with particle size reduction [20]. ZnO cell expansion in both a and c lattice parameters have been observed on samples prepared by solvothermal synthesis adding up to 8 mol% chromium [21] and in Cr doped ZnO samples prepared by CVS techniques where no second phases besides wurtzite structure have been observed [7], indicating once again that the chromium ions were incorporated in the ZnO structure. The fact that in this process the incorporation of more than 3 at% Cr 3+ ions does not modified any longer the ZnO lattice parameters could be associated to the size effect on lattice parameters given by Equation (3).…”

“…A number of synthetic routes have been employed to synthesize ZnO-Cr 2 O 3 nanoparticles such as chemical vapor synthesis (CVS) [7], ball milling [8], spray pyrolysis [9], decomposition of coprecipitated hydroxides [10] and calcinations of metallo-organic precursor solutions [11]. Because triethanolamine is extensively used in industrial milling to avoid agglomeration and in cosmetic and food products as dispersant agent, its present price is low and quite competitive.…”

Synthesis and Structure–Property Correlation in Shape‐Controlled ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared by Chemical Vapor Synthesis and their Application in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

“…An appropriate precursor with a significant vapor pressure and controlled oxidation behavior is necessary for effective shape control of the end product. The different precursors used for ZnO have been zinc acetyl acetonate and zinc acrylate [21,22] or complex organometallic compounds containing zinc such as heterocubane [23] and Zn(hfa) 2 TMEDA where hfa ¼ 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedionate and TMEDA ¼ N,N,N 0 ,N 0 -tetramethylethylenediamine. [24] In an earlier communication, we had reported first results on the large scale synthesis of ZnO nanorods by homogeneous chemical vapor deposition.…”

Photoelectrochemical water splitting with nanocrystalline Zn1−xRuxO thin films

“…In most solegel synthesis, alcoholic solvents, viz., ethanol, propanol and methoxy ethanol are used, which also participate as reactant [32]. In such methods, heating at 60e100 C is needed to dissolve the precursor.…”