Chemiluminescence Energy Transfer Processes and Micellar Effects

Abstract

The first study of intermolecular energy transfer processes in a chemiluminescence system is reported. Energy transfer in the acridinium−hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence system, observed for the first time, is evaluated for radiative, dipole−dipole, and collisional components in the presence and absence of micelles: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Brij-35, and sodium lauryl sulfate. In surfactant solutions, the major components were found to be radiative and collisional. Changing the surfactant had the greatest effect on the dipole−dipole component. Effects can be attributed to ion−ion forces, the mixing process, and the path length of the chemiluminescence measurement. In contrast to photoexcited energy transfer studies, the Rhodamine 110 (acceptor) concentration is varied by almost 4 orders of magnitude and is up to 105 greater than the acridinium (donor) concentration. This can be attributed to the absence of excitation absorption in a chemiluminescence measurement and the increased solubility due to the surfactants. The semiempirical method used for evaluating energy transfer should be adaptable to other systems and requires only the spectra of the donor and acceptor and the measurement of chemiluminescence intensity as a function of acceptor concentration.

Materials for Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Analysis: Beyond Traditional Donor–Acceptor Combinations

“…CL has found broad applications as a sensitive reporter system in drug screening, capillary electrophoresis, and immunoassays 140–143. 175–177 Although examples of chemiluminescent resonance energy transfer (CRET) are known,178–182 this concept remains relatively underexplored. Akin to BRET systems, CL labels are potential donors in CRET‐based assays.…”

Resonance energy transfer: The unified theory revisited

“…41 A wealth of diverse information can be ascertained from analysis of such processes; in LB-films alone, their study has afforded new insights into interlayer structures, 42,43 modified transfer dynamics in restricted geometries, 44,45 and both substrate 46,47 and micellar/surfactant effects. 48 Against the backdrop of intense research and development it is timely to revisit the theory which describes this fundamental pairwise ͑donor-acceptor͒ interaction.…”

Electrochemiluminescence of Acridines

“…It is used as a probe for superoxide anion in many applications due to its highly luminescent properties. Numerous studies of properties, reaction mechanisms and analytical applications of lucigenin have been carried out since its discovery. In recent years, lucigenin has emerged as an important ECL reagent.…”

“…Lucigenin is an aromatic compoundc hemically known as bis-N-methylacridiniumn itrate or N,N'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium dinitrate (Luc 2 + ·2NO 3 À ,F igure 1b). It is used as ap robe for superoxide anion in many applications due to its highlyl uminescent properties.N umerous studies [14,[15][16] of properties,r eaction mechanismsa nd analytical applications of lucigenin have been carriedo ut since its discovery.I nr ecent years,l ucigenin has emerged as an important ECLr eagent.T he ECL of lucigenin is of great interest because of its applications for the determination of trace metals,o rganic compounds,d etection of substances generatedf rom biological tissues, like superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide,a nd enzymatic systems in neutral or relatively weakly alkaline solutions (pH 7-10). The ECL behaviour of lucigenin systems on variouselectrodes includingp latinum, gold,a luminium, glassy carbon,p araffin-impregnated graphite,a nd titanium have been systematically investigated.…”