Chemiluminescent Probes Based on 1,2‐Dioxetane Structures For Bioimaging

Abstract

Chemiluminescent probes based on 1,2‐dioxetane scaffold are one of the most sensitive imaging modalities for detecting disease‐related biomarkers and can obtain more accurate biological information in cells and in vivo. Due to the elimination of external light excitation, the background autofluorescence problem in fluorescence technology can be effectively avoided, providing ultrahigh sensitivity and signal‐to‐noise ratio for various applications. In this review, we highlight a comprehensive but concise overview of activatable 1,2‐dioxetane‐based chemiluminescent probes by reporting significant advances in accurate detection and bioimaging. The design principles and applications for reactive species, enzymes, and other disease‐related biomarkers are systematically discussed and summarized. The challenges and potential prospects of chemiluminescent probes are also discussed to further promote the development of new chemiluminescence methods for biological analysis and diagnosis.

Chemiluminescence in Combination with Organic Photosensitizers: Beyond the Light Penetration Depth Limit of Photodynamic Therapy

“…Unlike other chemiluminescent molecules, Schaap’s adamantylidene-dioxetane can be equipped with protective groups that respond under specific conditions for different application requirements [ 51 , 52 ]. The efforts of researchers, particularly Doron Shabat, Kanyi Pu, Alexander Lippert, and Weihong Zhu, have developed various Schaap’s adamantylidene-dioxetane molecules with response conditions including ROS, reactive sulfides and nitrides, enzymes, gases, ions, and pH [ 17 , 18 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. Regarding integrating Schaap’s adamantylidene-dioxetane into the PDT system, Beharry’s group contributed pioneering work and introduced the concept of ‘dark dynamic therapy’ [ 34 ].…”

Highly Selective and Sensitive Ratiometric Detection of Sn2+ Ions Using NIR-Excited Rhodamine-B-Linked Upconversion Nanophosphors

“…Autofluorescence and a poor signal-to-noise ratio are two apparent issues that degrade sensing performance and photo-oxidize sensing probes. 27 − 29 As a result, the development of advanced sensing probes activated by NIR light is urgently required.…”

“…Also, these sensors are usually excited by high-energy light within the UV–vis region, making them less likely to be utilized in the biological system due to the short penetration depth of UV–vis light. Autofluorescence and a poor signal-to-noise ratio are two apparent issues that degrade sensing performance and photo-oxidize sensing probes. − As a result, the development of advanced sensing probes activated by NIR light is urgently required.…”

Compact Luminol Chemiluminophores for In Vivo Detection and Imaging of β-Sheet Protein Aggregates

“…Although CL is widely applied in biomedical research, there are few reports on the development of chemiluminophores for protein aggregates. − In our attempt to acquire an eligible scaffold, the design rationale was based on several empirical requirements from fluorophore development for protein aggregates with β-sheet conformation. ,,− First, a planar and flexible structure would facilitate β-sheet binding, and the specific binding can induce a distinct emission enhancement of the probe. Second, a compact structure with a suitable molecular weight and lipophilicity is favorable for efficient brain uptake to facilitate imaging brain protein aggregates.…”