“…The Fe 2p spectra for both types of NPs could be deconvoluted into five different Fe species, including Fe 0 , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , high-binding energy (BE) surface structures, and satellite peaks using a Gaussian–Lorentzian mixed function by XPSPEAK41 software. Similarly, the Co 2p spectra for both types of NPs could be deconvoluted into four different Co species, including Co 0 , Co 2+ , Co 3+ , and satellite peaks. − The BEs of each peak for Ag/FeCo/Ag and Co x Fe 1– x O NPs are summarized in Tables S2 and S3 (Supporting Information), respectively. The atomic ratio between Fe and Co and the relative proportions of each species determined by XPS are listed in Table S4 (Supporting Information).…”