Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Biological Activity of Halogenated Compounds Produced by Marine Microorganisms

Abstract

Comprehensive Summary Natural products derived from marine microorganisms have been received great attention as a potential source of new compound entities for drug discovery. The unique marine environment brings us a large group of halogen‐containing natural products with abundant biological functionality and good drugability. Meanwhile, biosynthetically halogenated reactions are known as a significant strategy used to increase the pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetic properties of compounds. Given that a tremendous increase in the number of new halogenated compounds from marine microorganisms in the last five years, it is necessary to summarize these compounds with their diverse structures and promising bioactivities. In this review, we have summarized the chemistry, biosynthesis (related halogenases), and biological activity of a total of 316 naturally halogenated compounds from marine microorganisms covering the period of 2015 to May 2021. Those reviewed chlorinated and brominated compounds with the ratio of 9 : 1 were predominantly originated from 36 genera of fungi (62%) and 9 bacterial strains (38%) with cytotoxic, antibacterial, and enzyme inhibitory activities, structural types of which are polyketides (38%), alkaloids (27%), phenols (11%), and others. This review would provide a plenty variety of promising lead halogenated compounds for drug discovery and inspire the development of new pharmaceutical agents.

Marine Natural Products from the Beibu Gulf: Sources, Chemistry, and Bioactivities

“…Finally, we counted the top 10 research groups in China that reported the largest amount of new MNPs in the Beibu Gulf from November 2003 to September 2022, among which Prof. Wenhan Lin’s group (23%), Prof. Changyun Wang’s group (14%), and Prof. Yonghong Liu’s group (our team) (13%) are in the top three research groups, and 109, 68, and 60 NMPs were discovered by them, respectively ( Figure 37 ). It is worth noting that marine habitats have become the main source of halogenated compounds because the concentrations of bromine and chloride ions in sea water are higher than those in the terrestrial environment [ 141 ]. According to the literature survey from November 2003 to September 2022, 58 (12%) halogenated natural products were found in the 477 MNPs newly reported from the Beibu Gulf, which indicates the Beibu Gulf is one of the important areas for producing halogenated MNPs.…”

Brominated Depsidones with Antibacterial Effects from a Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Spiromastix sp.

“…Vancomycin exhibits a remarkable drop in antibacterial bioactivity when removing one or both of the chlorine atoms, proving the significance of halogenation [2]. Due to the high concentrations of chloride and bromine ions in seawater, marine natural products become the main source of halogenated compounds [8]. Since chlorine concentrations are nearly three orders of magnitude higher than bromide concentrations in seawater, the chlorinated compounds are about nine times the frequency of brominated compounds found in the ocean [8].…”

“…Due to the high concentrations of chloride and bromine ions in seawater, marine natural products become the main source of halogenated compounds [8]. Since chlorine concentrations are nearly three orders of magnitude higher than bromide concentrations in seawater, the chlorinated compounds are about nine times the frequency of brominated compounds found in the ocean [8]. Halogen types could affect the bioactivities of halogenated compounds [9].…”

Recent Advance in Polymer Coatings Combating Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation†

“…[ 15 ] Increasing the dose of antibiotics can lead to cytotoxicity, side‐effect, and risk of AMR. [ 16‐19 ] Antibiotic loaded coatings were used to protect the biomaterial surfaces. [ 20‐21 ] Antibiotic gradually released from the coating enabling in‐situ sterilization.…”