Chemistry in Supercritical Water

Bröll, Dirk; Kaul, Claudia; Krämer, Alexander; Krammer, Petra; Richter, Thomas; Jung, Matthias; Vogel, Herbert; Zehner, Peter

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19991018)38:20<2998::aid-anie2998>3.3.co;2-c

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…When the reaction temperature was 350 • C, the physicochemical properties of subcritical water (e.g., density, ion product and dielectric constant) approached normal water, with relatively mild conditions in the system. When the reaction temperature was 400 • C, a large number of H + and OH − could be produced, accelerating the hydrolysis of LiCl and CoCl 2 [26]. The following reactions could occur:…”

Section: Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Liu

Zhang

2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

111

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h i g h l i g h t s• A co-treatment process for recovery of Co and Li and simultaneous detoxification of PVC in subcritical water was proposed.• PVC was used as a hydrochloric acid source.• More than 95% Co and nearly 98% Li were leached under the optimum conditions.• Neither corrosive acid nor reducing agent was used.• The co-treatment process has technical, economic and environmental benefits over the traditional recovery processes. a r t i c l e i n f o In this work, an effective and environmentally friendly process for the recovery of cobalt (Co) and lithium (Li) from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and simultaneously detoxification of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in subcritical water was developed. Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) power from spent LIBs and PVC were co-treated by subcritical water oxidation, in which PVC served as a hydrochloric acid source to promote metal leaching. The dechlorination of PVC and metal leaching was achieved simultaneously under subcritical water oxidation. More than 95% Co and nearly 98% Li were recovered under the optimum conditions: temperature 350• C, PVC/LiCoO 2 ratio 3:1, time 30 min, and a solid/liquid ratio 16:1 (g/L), respectively. Moreover, PVC was completely dechlorinated at temperatures above 350• C without any release of toxic chlorinated organic compounds. Assessment on economical and environmental impacts revealed that the PVC and LiCoO 2 subcritical co-treatment process had significant technical, economic and environmental benefits over the traditional hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy processes. This innovative co-treatment process is efficient, environmentally friendly and adequate for Co and Li recovery from spent LIBs and simultaneous dechlorination of PVC in subcritical water.

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Section: Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Liu

Zhang

2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

111

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“…Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical conversion process carried out under mild operating conditions in a sub-critical water medium [22], while the critical point occurs at 374°C and 22.1 MPa in water [23]. During the HTC procedure, the solution of carbohydrate precursors is usually heated to 130-250 °C under self-generated pressures [17].…”

Section: Carbon Spheres Preparation and Hydrothermal Carbonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Hydrothermal Carbonization of Carbohydrates for Carbon Spheres Preparation

Shahbazi

2015

Tr Ren Energy

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Carbon spheres have attracted a great deal of attention due to their applications as super capacitors, catalyst supports, and adsorbents. Carbon spheres can be prepared with controlled size and with oxygenated functional groups on the surface by the hydrothermal carbonization. The further processed products have a high surface area and high thermal stability. Among various methods for fabrication of carbon spheres, the hydrothermal carbonization is favored because of its mild operating conditions. In addition, hydrothermal carbonization can synthesize micro or nano scale carbon spheres environmentally friendly without employing organic solvents, surfactants, or catalysts. In this review, we present the effects of process parameters, structural characteristics of carbon spheres, possible formation mechanisms of carbon spheres, and applications in catalysis.

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“…Supercritical water (SCW) is the water above its thermodynamic critical point (374 °C, 22.1 MPa) has attracted increasing attention in supercritical water gasification (SCWG) and supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) in the past three decades (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). SCWG and SCWO have been proved to be a high effective way to resource utilization and harmless for organic matter, respectively (6)(7)(8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many nonpolar organic substances and gases are highly soluble in SCW because of the disaappearance of phase boundaries (1). The reaction condition of SCWO usually contained the temperature range of 400 °C~600 °C and pressure range of 24 MPa ~ 28 *Corresponding author; E-mail address: szwang@aliyun.com MPa (2,4,13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, lots of studies about SCWO corrosion focused on the surface chemical and the migration of Table 1. Physicochemical properties of water as a function of temperature and pressure (1 elements, which were helpful to understand the corrosion mechanism (24)(25)(26)(27). The alloy element and element content usually played an important role in the corrosion behaviors of materials under SCWO conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Corrosion Properties of Candidate Materials in Supercritical Water Oxidation Process

Tang

Wang

Qian

et al. 2016

Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies

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Abstract:Corrosion of constructional materials in supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is one of the main obstacles to commercializing the SCWO process. Statistical analysis of corrosion research results indicate nickel-based alloys are the most widely applied materials in SCWO system among the candidate metals. The present paper reviews the corrosion characteristics of iron-base alloy, nickel-based alloy, titanium-base alloy, ceramics, niobium, tantalum, thallium and gold under the condition of SCWO. The selection scheme of materials is presented in SCWO system flow diagram in detail. The effects of alloying elements on the corrosion behavior of materials in the water environment with high temperature and high pressure water are summarized in this paper. Moreover, some further researches for material corrosion in SCWO process are also proposed. All work was contributed to selecting the appropriate constructional materials and reducing the corrosion damage in SCWO system.

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Chemistry in Supercritical Water

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

A Review of Hydrothermal Carbonization of Carbohydrates for Carbon Spheres Preparation

Corrosion Properties of Candidate Materials in Supercritical Water Oxidation Process

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