“…Proliferative DR (PDR) is followed by recurrent vitreous hemorrhages, traction retinal detachment, retinal and vitreous fibrosis, and optic nerve atrophy, which finally lead to severe visual impairments (Abu El-Asrar et al, 2006;Bhavsar, 2006;Lim et al, 2008). Retinal neovascularization (RNV) is the most striking characteristic of PDR (Du et al, 2014) and involves various angiogenic factors such as cytokines, inflammatory cells, and growth factors (Adamis, 2002;Abu El-Asrar et al, 2006;Patel et al, 2006). Previous studies have also emphasized the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other factors with angiogenic properties in the pathogenesis of PDR (Citirik et al, 2012;Mohan et al, 2012;Pennock and Kazlauskas, 2012).…”