Chemokines in tumor progression and metastasis

Abstract

Chemokines play a vital role in tumor progression and metastasis. Chemokines are involved in the growth of many cancers including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, gastric cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, colon cancer, non-small lung cancer and non-hodgkin's lymphoma among many others. The expression of chemokines and their receptors is altered in many malignancies and leads to aberrant chemokine receptor signaling. This review focuses on the role of chemokines in key processes that facilitate tumor progression including proliferation, senescence, angiogenesis, epithelial mesenchymal transition, immune evasion and metastasis.

Prospero homeobox 1 mediates the progression of gastric cancer by inducing tumor cell proliferation and lymphangiogenesis

“…SS scrambled siRNA, PS PROX1 siRNA, FN fibronectin; Col I collagen I, Col IV collagen IV, MMP matrix metalloproteinase; ZO zonula occludens Prospero homeobox 1 mediates the progression of gastric cancer by inducing tumor cell… 111 apoptosis and by promoting the proliferation of human gastric cancer cells. Tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are the key features of tumor progression and metastasis in various human cancers, including gastric cancer [20][21][22][23][24]. We assessed the impact of PROX1 expression on angiogenesisand lymphangiogenesis-promoting phenotypes of human gastric cancer cells by performing in vitro assays.…”

Renal Allograft Fibrosis: Biology and Therapeutic Targets

“…Chemokines are small proteins that induce migration of their target cells towards the source of chemokine release (310,311). In addition to attracting leukocytes, chemokines are increasingly recognized as mediators of fibrotic changes, fibrocyte attraction to damaged tissue and angiogenesis (312).…”

Chemokines and their receptors in lung cancer progression and metastasis

“…The receptors, a superfamily of seven transmembrane spanning proteins coupled to G-protein-coupled-receptors (GPCRs), are classified into four major groups based on the pattern of cysteine residues: CXC, CC, C, and CX3C, where C stands for cysteine and X for non-cysteine amino acids (Zlotnik and Yoshie, 2000). Functionally speaking, chemokines are grouped into inflammatory and homeostatic; the former are induced by inflammation while the latter are constitutively expressed and involved in homeostatic immune regulation (Sarvaiya et al, 2013). Their binding leads to conformational changes and the following activation of signaling pathways, which play an important role in both normal inflammatory reactions if the expression is regular and abnormal reactions if aberrant, leading to constitutive activation of oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, or altered expression of transcription factors.…”