“…Pure seminoma re quires radiotherapy in stages I, Ha, and lib; whereas stages lie (bulky disease), III, and IV, as well as nonseminomatous tumors are primarily treated by chemotherapy [9,23,24], ß-hCG and AFP are helpful markers for distin guishing between seminomatous and nonseminomatous tumors. ß-hCG, a glycoprotein, may be synthesized in both syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells and undifferen tiated teratomas, whereas AFP is produced by nonsemi nomatous tumors only [14,[25][26][27][28][29]36], Low ß-hCG serum levels are seen in both seminoma tous and nonseminomatous testicular cancer (< 200 IU/1).…”