Cherry stem phenolic compounds: Optimization of extraction conditions and in vitro evaluations of antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities

Abstract

Cherry fruit (Prunus avium L.) is cultivated in lands located in the temperate region of the world, and Turkey, United States of America and Iran are major producers of it in the world (Perez, Ferreira, & Minor, 2017). Based on the Turkish Statistical Institute data, Turkey's sweet cherry production was 639 534 tons in 2018 (TUIK, 2018). As a country, it provides 26% of cherry production of the world, which makes it one of the leading exporter in the world (Anonymous, 2019). Although cherry is mostly consumed in fresh form, it can be consumed in frozen, canned, juice, wine, brine, and dried forms (Perez et al., 2017). The decoction or infusion of its stem has been used for many years in folk medicine as a renal stone reliever, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive agent (Hooman, Mojab, Nickavar, & Pouryousefi-Kermani, 2009). Due to their high and easy availability and better biodegradability, there has been interest in natural plant products that can substitute with synthetic drugs (Kalemba & Kunicka, 2003). The studies on the phenolic compounds show a contrary relationship between chronic disease risk and polyphenolic rich diet, and thus, they have positive effects on human health. The plant defense system against various stresses produces them as the secondary metabolites (Carocho & Ferreira, 2013). They have antioxidant properties that can end the propagation of free radical reactions in the biological systems

Chemical Composition, Diuretic, and Antityrosinase Activity of Traditionally Used Romanian Cerasorum stipites

“…Chemical Profile of the Extracts (Demir et al, 2020). On the other hand, aqueous extracts confirmed the presence of lower concentrations for both TPC and TFC -24.31 ± 0.86 to 39.54 ± 2.10 μg GAE/mL, respectively, 15.67 ± 0.68 to 23.17 ± 1.23 μg CE (catechin equivalents)/mL for infusions (Peixoto et al, 2020).…”

“…Compounds 5, 6 [(M-H) − at m/z of 325], and 12 [(M-H) − at m/z of 355] were identified as coumaric acid hexoside and ferulic acid hexoside, all indicating the losses of a hexosyl moieties (Bastos et al, 2015;Bessada et al, 2016). The presence of phenolic acids in cherry fruits hydroalcoholic extracts was previously confirmed by Bastos et al (2015) and Demir et al (2020); cis-p-coumaroylquinic acid (0.56 ± 0.01 mg/g) and trans-p-coumaroylquinic acid (0.23 ± 0.02 mg/g) were reported, the amounts being comparable with our results obtained for determination of 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid in CSE (0.379 ± 0.004 mg/g). As we mentioned, this compound was identified only in CSE, probably due to hydroalcoholic medium, emphasizing the importance of the solvent for a better recovery of bioactive compounds.…”

“…Our results are in-line with those previously reported in other studies. The evaluation of TPC in a hydroalcoholic extract obtained after an optimized process by Demir et al revealed that TPC value was 26.60 mg GAE/g extract (in comparison with predicted value, 26.1 mg GAE/g extract), optimal conditions being 35% ( v/v ) ethanol percentage, 79°C, and 119 min; for the same extract, the TFC value was 2.26 mg QE/g extract ( Demir et al, 2020 ). On the other hand, aqueous extracts confirmed the presence of lower concentrations for both TPC and TFC - 24.31 ± 0.86 to 39.54 ± 2.10 μg GAE/mL, respectively, 15.67 ± 0.68 to 23.17 ± 1.23 μg CE (catechin equivalents)/mL for infusions ( Peixoto et al, 2020 ).…”

“…In the same study, phenolic profile of hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from stems was evaluated; sakuranetin-5- O -glucoside, catechin, naringenin-7- O -glucoside, and aromadendrin-7- O -hexoside were quantified as main compounds. Other studies revealed the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids ( cis -3- O - p -coumaroylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, and trans -3- O - p -coumaroylquinic acid): quercetin and sinapic acid in high amounts ( Demir et al, 2020 ; Peixoto et al, 2020 ). In this regard, corroborated with the occurrence of these compounds, several in vitro bioactivities were proven for CS extracts: antioxidant, antitumor, antidiabetic, and antibacterial ( Bastos et al, 2015 ; Aires et al, 2017 ; Demir et al, 2020 ; Peixoto et al, 2020 ).…”

Phenolic Compounds Extracted from Cherry Tree (Prunus avium) Branches: Impact of the Process on Cosmetic Properties

“…This is particularly the case for flowers or fruits, especially the sweetest ones such as pomegranate, apple, coconut, or cherry. In addition, Japan-where the cherry tree is an important part of the local culture-has always used cherry leaves, stems, or stones in infusion or decoction in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory effect [1]. On this basis, numerous studies have been carried out to identify the molecules present in these extracts and to evaluate their potential cosmetic properties.…”