Child abuse, disruptive behavior disorders, depression, and salivary cortisol levels among institutionalized and community‐residing boys in <scp>M</scp>ongolia

Kohrt, Brandon A.; Hruschka, Daniel J.; Kohrt, Holbrook E.; Carrión, Victor G.; Waldman, Irwin D.; Worthman, Carol M.

doi:10.1111/appy.12141

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 102 publications

(128 reference statements)

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“…Analytically, these measures represent interrelated but distinct aspects of the psychobiology of stress and the stress response: i.e., the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system (64)(65)(66)88). Salivary analytes such as these are increasingly used to assess psychosomatic stress in non-WEIRD contexts, thus providing both methods and interpretive frameworks for our own research (9,16,69,(89)(90)(91)(92)(93)(94)(95). Alongside the two physiological analytes, we also elicited responses from Sahariya to the Bradford Somatic Index (BSI) (96), a psychiatric scale validated to capture mental health disorders among South Asian populations.…”

Section: Research Hypotheses and Analytical Planmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and telomere shortening among central Indian conservation refugees

Zahran

Snodgrass

Maranon

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Research links psychosocial stress to premature telomere shortening and accelerated human aging; however, this association has only been demonstrated in so-called "WEIRD" societies (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic), where stress is typically lower and life expectancies longer. By contrast, we examine stress and telomere shortening in a non-Western setting among a highly stressed population with overall lower life expectancies: poor indigenous people-the Sahariya-who were displaced (between 1998 and 2002) from their ancestral homes in a central Indian wildlife sanctuary. In this setting, we examined adult populations in two representative villages, one relocated to accommodate the introduction of Asiatic lions into the sanctuary (n = 24 individuals), and the other newly isolated in the sanctuary buffer zone after their previous neighbors were moved (n = 22). Our research strategy combined physical stress measures via the salivary analytes cortisol and α-amylase with self-assessments of psychosomatic stress, ethnographic observations, and telomere length assessment [telomere-fluorescence in situ hybridization (TEL-FISH) coupled with 3D imaging of buccal cell nuclei], providing high-resolution data amenable to multilevel statistical analysis. Consistent with expectations, we found significant associations between each of our stress measures-the two salivary analytes and the psychosomatic symptom survey-and telomere length, after adjusting for relevant behavioral, health, and demographic traits. As the first study (to our knowledge) to link stress to telomere length in a non-WEIRD population, our research strengthens the case for stress-induced telomere shortening as a pancultural biomarker of compromised health and aging.telomeres | stress | India | indigenous peoples | human displacement P sychosocial stress is associated with elevated risk for a range of human diseases and curtailment of human life expectancy (1-16). Telomeres-repetitive and stabilizing features of chromosomal termini that cap and protect them-have also been shown to be associated with aging and disease (17)(18)(19). Telomere length erodes normally with cell division and generally with aging, triggering cellular senescence once telomere length eclipses a threshold, contributing to tissue degeneration and organ decline with longevity (20-25). Given evidence that stress can elevate the risk of human mortality, and that premature telomere shortening can serve as a proxy for increased risk of disease and mortality, it is reasonable to posit that stress is also associated with telomere shortening (23,26,27). Indeed, research provides evidence of telomere shortening in a range of stress-inducing life situations, including among primary caregivers of chronically ill children and Alzheimer's patients (28, 29), children spending more time in orphanages or experiencing other forms of neglect and adversity (30-32), women suffering from intimate partner violence (33), patients suffering from stress-related mood disorders (34, 35), and...

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Section: Research Hypotheses and Analytical Planmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and telomere shortening among central Indian conservation refugees

Zahran

Snodgrass

Maranon

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…In addition, this systematically and locally developed tool may aid efforts in global mental health and neuroscience (Stein et al, 2015) to identify cross-cultural biological markers and mechanisms related to DBDs. Prior studies with boys in Nepal and other regions of Asia have demonstrated associations of disruptive behaviors with hypocortisolism in naturalistic assessments (Hruschka, Kohrt, & Worthman, 2005; Brandon A Kohrt et al, 2015). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development process of an assessment tool for disruptive behavior problems in cross-cultural settings: the Disruptive Behavior International Scale – Nepal version (DBIS-N)

Burkey

Ghimire²,

Adhikari³

et al. 2016

International Journal of Culture and Mental Health

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Systematic processes are needed to develop valid measurement instruments for disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) in cross-cultural settings. We employed a four-step process in Nepal to identify and select items for a culturally valid assessment instrument: 1) We extracted items from validated scales and local free-list interviews. 2) Parents, teachers, and peers (n=30) rated the perceived relevance and importance of behavior problems. 3) Highly rated items were piloted with children (n=60) in Nepal. 4) We evaluated internal consistency of the final scale. We identified 49 symptoms from 11 scales, and 39 behavior problems from free-list interviews (n=72). After dropping items for low ratings of relevance and severity and for poor item-test correlation, low frequency, and/or poor acceptability in pilot testing, 16 items remained for the Disruptive Behavior International Scale—Nepali version (DBIS-N). The final scale had good internal consistency (α=0.86). A 4-step systematic approach to scale development including local participation yielded an internally consistent scale that included culturally relevant behavior problems.

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“…Among school‐aged children, both early and current psychosocial stress have been found to be associated with hypersecretion (Cicchetti & Rogosch, ; Gustafsson, Gustafsson & Nelson, ), and, similar to adults, hyposecretion is associated with PTSD (Feldman, Vengrober, Eidelman‐Rothman & Zagoory‐Sharon, ). In addition, children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Isaksson, Nilsson, Nyberg, Hogmark, & Lindblad, ) or disruptive behaviour disorder (Kohrt, Hruschka, Kohrt, et al ) have been found to show low cortisol levels.…”

Section: Cortisol Dysregulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both maternal prenatal and postnatal mental health problems thus predicted children's later stress regulation, but in unique ways. We discuss the specific roles of direct biochemical Lindblad, 2012) or disruptive behaviour disorder (Kohrt, Hruschka, Kohrt, et al 2015) have been found to show low cortisol levels.…”

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confidence: 98%

Timing of Early Maternal Mental Health and Child Cortisol Regulation

Vänskä

Punamäki

Lindblom

et al. 2015

Infant and Child Development

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Maternal mental health problems can negatively impact children's physiological stress regulation. Yet, little is known of their long‐term effects, especially related to the timing of maternal symptoms. We examined how maternal mental health problems during pregnancy versus in the early postpartum period predict children's cortisol levels and diurnal patterns at 10–12 years. Participants were a selection (N = 102) of an original sample of 805 Finnish families, who were followed from the second trimester of pregnancy (T1) to child's age of 2 months (T2) and 12 months (T3), and again at child's age of 10–12 years (T4). Based on the timing of psychological distress and depressive symptoms (T1–T3), the mothers could be assigned to three distinct mental health trajectory groups: mothers with prenatal mental health problems (n = 15), mothers with early postpartum mental health problems (n = 15) and mothers without mental health problems (n = 72). Children's cortisol (T4) was measured by saliva samples through five within‐1‐day assessments. The results show that maternal prenatal mental health problems predicted a relatively steep increase of child cortisol from awakening to 1 h later, indicating an intensified cortisol awakening response (CAR). Mothers' early postpartum mental health problems instead predicted a reduced CAR. Both maternal prenatal and postnatal mental health problems thus predicted children's later stress regulation, but in unique ways. We discuss the specific roles of direct biochemical effects during pregnancy and postpartum mother–infant interaction quality as modifiers of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Child abuse, disruptive behavior disorders, depression, and salivary cortisol levels among institutionalized and community‐residing boys in Mongolia

Cited by 17 publications

References 102 publications

Stress and telomere shortening among central Indian conservation refugees

Stress and telomere shortening among central Indian conservation refugees

Development process of an assessment tool for disruptive behavior problems in cross-cultural settings: the Disruptive Behavior International Scale – Nepal version (DBIS-N)

Timing of Early Maternal Mental Health and Child Cortisol Regulation

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