Child Care and Child Care Policy: Existing Policies, Their Effects, and Reforms

Hotz, V. Joseph; Wiswall, Matthew

doi:10.1177/0002716219884078

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Since then, the Child Care and Development Block Grant's Child Care Development Fund (1990) andEarly Head Start (1995) program started subsidizing care for children from low-income families in this age range. Wages, nonlabor income, and prices of nonmaternal child care also evolved over this period (See Hotz and Wiswall [2019] for a recent review). Further, our estimates ignore how scalability might change costs and benefits.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early Childhood Care and Cognitive Development

Chaparro¹,

Sojourner²,

Wiswall³

2020

Self Cite

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This paper combines multiple sources of information on early childhood development in a unified model for analysis of a wide range of early childhood policy interventions. We develop a model of child care in which households decide both the quantities and qualities of maternal and non-maternal care along with maternal labor supply. The model introduces a novel parenting-effort channel, whereby child care subsidies that permit less parenting may enable better parenting. To estimate the model, we combine observational data with experimental data from the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP) which randomly assigned free child care when the child was 1 and 2 years old. We estimate a cognitive skill production function and household preferences, giving insight into mechanisms driving the ex post heterogeneous effects of the IHDP intervention, accounting for alternative care substitutes available to the control group and spillovers of the child care offer across the household's decisions. We also estimate ex ante effects of counterfactual policies such as an offer of lower-quality care, requiring a co-pay for subsidized care, raising the maternal wage offer, or a cash transfer. Finally, we use the model to rationalize existing evidence from outside the US on the effects of universal child care programs. JEL: J13, D1.

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Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…And, eligible children are more than 11 times as likely to be served by the federal Head Start program each year when age 3-4 than when age 0-2, via the much smaller Early Head Start program (Authors' calculations from enrollment figures in Elango et al [2015]). See also Hotz and Wiswall [2019].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Childhood Care and Cognitive Development

Chaparro¹,

Sojourner²,

Wiswall³

2020

Self Cite

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“…6 The underutilization of HCC capacity is consistent with the 30.6% decrease in use of "family home child care" in US between 2005 and 2014. Increases in the number of licensed centres as well as increasing capacity of existing centres at least partially explains this decrease in HCC utilization (Hotz and Wiswall 2019).…”

Section: Why Focus On Ontario?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontario as a case study for modernizing Home Child Care licensing and support

Varmuza¹,

Perlman²,

White³

2021

Can Public Adm

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In this study we demonstrate why oversight and monitoring of the home child care (HCC) sector deserves more scrutiny and policy attention in Canada. Focusing on Ontario as a key case given its population and particular licensing model, we propose a model of licensing which would bring HCC in line with requirements in child care centres and ensure all HCC providers are licensed and monitored. Recognizing that licensing alone does not guarantee quality child care, we propose a system of program supports to accompany licensing. Finally, we estimate the costs associated with implementing our proposal and demonstrate that on a per provider/child basis our model is much more cost effective and equitable than the current system.

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“…In Australia, 24% of 1-year-old children, and 37% of 2-year-old children attend ECEC services (ABS, 2017). Growing evidence shows the important role these early learning experiences have for longer term developmental outcomes (Hotz and Wiswall, 2019). The strongest evidence for universal ECEC services, comes from several robust quasiexperimental studies in Europe that link early centre-based care with enhanced motor and language development (Blau, 2021).…”

Section: Early Childhood Education and Care For Children Aged Under 3-yearsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility and initial psychometric properties of the Observe, Reflect, Improve Children’s Learning Tool (ORICL) for Early Childhood Services: A tool for building capacity in infant and toddler educators

Williams¹,

Janus²,

Harrison³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Child observation is a critical component of quality pedagogical practice in early childhood education and care (ECEC). Yet there are very few tools that support educators to systematically undertake observations to better understand the individual experiences of very young children within ECEC services. The ORICL (Observe, Reflect, Improve Children’s Learning) tool was co-designed by ECEC experts, service providers and educators to be used for this purpose by educators working with children aged under three years. It is a unique 117-item educator report across five domains of learning and well-being that rates the experiences of individual children, and the responses of educators and peers to the child’s initiatives, actions and communications. This paper describes the first feasibility study of ORICL in 12 ECEC services across Australia with a focus on the quantitative child data collected, and early psychometric properties of the tool. ORICL records were provided by 21 educators for a total of 66 children. Findings suggest that the ORICL items can be readily observed and rated by educators for children aged under three years, the rating scale is appropriate, and there is early evidence to support the domain structure of the tool. Further research on the ways such a tool can provide useful data for both educators and researchers, and stimulate enhanced practice in infant-toddler ECEC, is warranted.

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Child Care and Child Care Policy: Existing Policies, Their Effects, and Reforms

Cited by 28 publications

References 70 publications

Early Childhood Care and Cognitive Development

Early Childhood Care and Cognitive Development

Ontario as a case study for modernizing Home Child Care licensing and support

Feasibility and initial psychometric properties of the Observe, Reflect, Improve Children’s Learning Tool (ORICL) for Early Childhood Services: A tool for building capacity in infant and toddler educators

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