Child community violence exposure in an at-risk sample: Developmental trajectories, caregiving risks, and the role of child temperament.

Abstract

Objective: To better understand early etiological pathways to trajectories of child exposure to community violence (CECV), we used person-centered latent class growth analysis (LCGA) to examine chronicity of CECV from early school age through early adolescence, and examined early risks of the identified CECV trajectories (i.e., prenatal cocaine exposure, harsh parenting and caregiving instability across infancy and early childhood, and child activity level and inhibitory control at kindergarten age). Method: An at-risk sample (N = 216; 110 girls) of primarily low-income participants (76% on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) with high rates of prenatal substance exposure was used. The majority of the mothers were African-American (72%), had high school or below education (70%), and were single (86%). Postnatal assessments occurred at eight time points during infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood through early school age, and early adolescence. Results: We identified two distinct linearly increasing CECV trajectories (high-exposure and low-exposure). An interaction between child activity level and maternal harshness emerged, such that children with high activity levels and experiencing high harshness had the highest probabilities of being in the high exposure-increasing trajectory, in addition to early caregiving instability (conditional effect). Conclusion: The present findings not only have important theoretical implications but also provide insights into early intervention.

Trajectories of parental harshness and exposure to community violence differentially predict externalizing and internalizing mental health problems in legal system-involved youth

“…Finally, in some instances, researchers examine change in one stressor while controlling for another. For example, one recent longitudinal study of trajectories of ETV in at-risk youth also measured PH and examined whether PH was a risk factor for membership in a given trajectory of ETV (Zhao et al, 2022). Thus, the extant literature shows that individuals are often exposed to both PH and ETV and, when measured separately, each experience impacts mental health.…”