Child sexual abuse: Issues &amp; concerns

Moirangthem, Sydney; Kumar, Nitish; Math, Suresh Bada

doi:10.4103/0971-5916.162084

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Furthermore, DENV-2 reported in this study belonged to genotype IVa having ancestral origin with Indonesian and other East Asian strains. DENV-2 detected in this study and reported in 2013 epidemic [ 28 , 10 ] is not from same lineage having common ancestor around the year 1999. First report of Cosmopolitan genotype IVa in Nepal was in 2013 while earlier in 2004 genotype IVb strains were reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 41%

Molecular phylogeny and distribution of dengue virus serotypes circulating in Nepal in 2017

et al. 2020

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Dengue virus (DENV) infection is endemic in Nepal. Although infection rates are reported annually, little information is available about the circulating viral serotypes and genotypes. Here, we report the results of a multicentre cross-sectional study of DENV serotypes and genotypes sampled from individuals with suspected DENV infection in Nepal in 2017. Of the 50 patients sampled, 40 were serologically positive for DENV NS1, 29 for anti-DENV IgM, 21 for anti-DENV IgG and 14 were positive by qRT-PCR. The three serotypes DENV-1, 2 and 3 were detected and there was no DENV-4. Positive samples from serotyping were subjected to PCR amplification by envelope (E) gene specific primer and subsequent bidirectional sequencing of 5 samples. A time to most recent common ancestor phylogenetic tree was constructed from the new sequences obtained here together with historical DENV-1 and DENV-2 E gene sequence s . The DENV-1 isolates (n = 2) from Nepalese individuals were closely related to Indian genotype V, whereas DENV-2 isolates (n = 3) belonged to Cosmopolitan genotype IVa, which is closely related to Indonesian isolates. Historical DENV isolates obtained between 2004 and 2013 clustered with Cosmopolitan IVb, Cosmopolitan IVa, and Asian II genotypes. All Nepalese isolates had different lineages with distinct ancestries. With the exception of isolates obtained in 2004, all other previously published isolates had ancestry to geographically distant part of the world. Molecular analysis revealed dengue epidemics to be comprised of different genotypes of serotype 1 and 2 raising concerns on potential role of different genotypes causing Dengue hemorrhagic fever. Also, our result indicated spread of DENV-2 in non-endemic area such as hilly region of Nepal which was considered to be free of dengue due to high altitude and cold weather.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 41%

Molecular phylogeny and distribution of dengue virus serotypes circulating in Nepal in 2017

et al. 2020

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“…The annual pattern of dengue deaths mirrored that of cases, although, interestingly, case fatality was highest in the 2014, the year between the two outbreaks. The reasons for this are not completely clear, but may relate to the national census being carried out in 2014 providing more accurate population data and a shift to dengue virus serotypes 2 and 4 (which were more common in the 2015 outbreak) and which may be linked to secondary infections and more severe disease [ 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The burden of dengue, source reduction measures, and serotype patterns in Myanmar, 2011 to 2015–R2

Wai

Harries

et al. 2017

Trop Med Health

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BackgroundMyanmar is currently classified as a high burden dengue country in the Asian Pacific region. The Myanmar vector-borne diseases control (VBDC) program has collected data on dengue and source reduction measures since 1970, and there is a pressing need to collate, analyze, and interpret this information. The aim of this study was to describe the burden of hospital-based dengue disease, dengue control measures, and serotype patterns in Myanmar between 2011 and 2015.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study using annual records from the Dengue Fever/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Prevention and Control Project in Myanmar.ResultsBetween 2011 and 2015, there were a total of 89,832 cases and 393 deaths in hospitals, with 97% of cases being in children. In 2013 and 2015, there was an increased number of cases, respectively at 21,942 and 42,913, while during the other 3 years, numbers ranged from 4738 to 13,806. The distribution of dengue deaths each year mirrored the distribution of cases. Most cases (84%) occurred in the wet season and 54% occurred in the delta/lowlands. Case fatality rate (CFR) was highest in 2014 at 7 per 1000 dengue cases, while in the other years, it ranged from 3 to 5 per 1000 cases. High CFR per 1000 were also observed in infants < 1 year (CFR = 8), adults ≥ 15 years (CFR = 7), those with disease severity grade IV (CFR = 17), and those residing in hilly regions (CFR = 9). Implementation and coverage of dengue source reduction measures, including larval control, space spraying, and health education, all increased between 2012 and 2015, although there was low coverage of these interventions in households and schools and for water containers. In the 2013 outbreak, dengue virus serotype 1 predominated, while in the 2015 outbreak, serotypes 1, 2, and 4 were those mainly in circulation.ConclusionDengue is a serious public health disease burden in Myanmar. More attention is needed to improve monitoring, recording, and reporting of cases, deaths, and vector control activities, and more investment is needed for programmatic research.

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“…Figure 3 and Table 2 show the temporal distribution of DEN/CHIK in HKH regionper year and month ( Tables S12 and S13 ), respectively. The DEN studies from India, Nepal, and Bhutan specified the monthly distribution of DEN incidence or the months when the DEN outbreak starts to occur and the peak month for the DEN outbreak [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 32 , 34 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 51 , 56 , 58 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 71 , 72 ] DEN cases in India start to occur in July [ 18 , 24 , 40 , 51 , 56 ]. However, DEN cases were reported from the month of June to December from Nepal [ 47 , 49 , 50 , 59 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 65 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of studies from India [ 18 , 24 , 40 , 51 , 56 ] and Nepal [ 19 , 23 , 29 , 32 , 41 , 43 , 61 , 64 ] show almost consistent seasonality of DEN outbreaks, lasting from June to December. The majority of the studies from India and Nepal reported maximum DEN cases in September, October, and November in the postmonsoon period [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 54 , 61 , 62 ]. Our findings concerning a seasonal distribution of DEN in HKH countries are similar to the studies on Brazil [ 91 ] and Thailand [ 92 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Dengue and Chikungunya in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region: A Systematic Review

Phuyal

Kramer

Klingelhöfer

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The risk of increasing dengue (DEN) and chikungunya (CHIK) epidemics impacts 240 million people, health systems, and the economy in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. The aim of this systematic review is to monitor trends in the distribution and spread of DEN/CHIK over time and geographically for future reliable vector and disease control in the HKH region. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the spatiotemporal distribution of DEN/CHIK in HKH published up to 23 January 2020, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. In total, we found 61 articles that focused on the spatial and temporal distribution of 72,715 DEN and 2334 CHIK cases in the HKH region from 1951 to 2020. DEN incidence occurs in seven HKH countries, i.e., India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and Myanmar, and CHIK occurs in four HKH countries, i.e., India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar, out of eight HKH countries. DEN is highly seasonal and starts with the onset of the monsoon (July in India and June in Nepal) and with the onset of spring (May in Bhutan) and peaks in the postmonsoon season (September to November). This current trend of increasing numbers of both diseases in many countries of the HKH region requires coordination of response efforts to prevent and control the future expansion of those vector-borne diseases to nonendemic areas, across national borders.

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Child sexual abuse: Issues & concerns

Cited by 25 publications

References 6 publications

Molecular phylogeny and distribution of dengue virus serotypes circulating in Nepal in 2017

Molecular phylogeny and distribution of dengue virus serotypes circulating in Nepal in 2017

The burden of dengue, source reduction measures, and serotype patterns in Myanmar, 2011 to 2015–R2

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Dengue and Chikungunya in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region: A Systematic Review

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