Childhood Determination of Hodgkin Lymphoma among U.S. Servicemen

Abstract

Background: Hodgkin lymphoma in young adults is inexplicably linked to economic development.Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study of the 656 servicemen with Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosed between ages 17 to 32 while on active duty in the U.S. military during 1950-68. Controls, chosen randomly from the servicemen on duty at the time, were matched on service, birth year, and induction date. Information came from preinduction records and military records for the period ending at onset or the equivalent date.

Allergy associations with the adult fecal microbiota: Analysis of the American Gut Project

“…The implications of the hygiene hypothesis extend beyond allergy per se, as exemplified by the reduced risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma for adults who were the first-born or only child in their family, and for those who developed allergy to pollen and perhaps to foods ( Cozen et al, 2007 , Grulich et al, 2005 , Smedby et al, 2007 ). There are similar birth-order associations with young-adult Hodgkin lymphoma ( Chang et al, 2004 , Gutensohn et al, 1975 , Mack et al, 2015 , Westergaard et al, 1997 ); survivors of this malignancy had low diversity of the fecal microbiota ( Cozen et al, 2013 ), an association compatible with the hygiene hypothesis but also with cancer and its treatment. Human microbiota studies of other conditions linked to the hygiene hypothesis are lacking.…”

Cancer incidence and mortality in 23 000 patients with type 1 diabetes in the UK: Long‐term follow‐up

“…Previous studies of nominally type 1 cohorts have found non‐significantly reduced risks of Hodgkin lymphoma 5,10 or risk decreased in females but not males, 12 but none have examined this by age at diabetes onset. Epidemiological studies have suggested that the aetiology of Hodgkin lymphoma may rest in lack of childhood exposure to an infectious agent that is harmless if encountered young, but can cause lymphoma if caught later as a consequence of relative social isolation in childhood 38 . However, one might expect that childhood diabetes would if anything lead to less, not more, mixing with peers and hence to higher Hodgkin lymphoma risk, not lower (unless childhood hospitalisation led to the relevant infection).…”

Childhood use of antimicrobials and risk of Hodgkin lymphoma: a Danish register–based cohort study

“…That said, in the prospective cohort study by Mack et al, mumps were also found to be statistically significantly protective against HL, which cannot be attributed to this type of bias. 12 Classical HL can be divided into epidemiologically heterogeneous subgroups based on age at diagnosis, histological subtype, tumor EBV status, or even combinations thereof. 2 Although the different epidemiological HL classification criteria overlap with one another, they are not congruent.…”

“…[7][8][9][10] In addition to providing only indirect or questionable evidence for the late infection model for AYA HL, the studies are also uninformative about age intervals during which infections may modulate AYA HL susceptibility. Rare exceptions to this malaise of biases are a twin study by Cozen et al 11 and, especially, a register-based cohort study by Mack et al, 12 even if these investigations were still restricted to the aforementioned indirect measures of infectious disease pressure and recall of a few common childhood infections. These studies both supported the delayed infection hypothesis, as well.…”