Children facing economic hardships in the United States

Lu, Hsien Hen; Palmer, Julian; Song, Younghwan; Lennon, Mary Clare; Aber, J. Lawrence

doi:10.4054/demres.2004.10.11

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The literature also documents higher poverty rates for families headed by a single parent, families headed by a parent without a high school degree, teen mothers and their children, and children born out of wedlock (Eggebeen & Lichter, 1991; Gottschalk & Danziger, 1993; Iceland, 2003; Lichter & Crowley, 2004; Lichter, Qian, & Crowley, 2005; Lu, Palmer, Song, Lennon, & Aber, 2004; Rehme, 2002; Ritakallio, 2002; Thomas & Sawhill, 2002). The importance of the shift from two‐parent families toward single parenting is well documented.…”

Section: Explaining Differences In Child Poverty Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child Poverty in the American States: The Impact of Welfare Reform, Economics, and Demographics

Rodgers¹,

Payne²

2007

Policy Studies Journal

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This article identifies the predictors of child poverty rates at the state level before and after the adoption and implementation of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. The analysis shows that the most important state-level factors that influence child poverty rates are demographics, the health and viability of the state economy, and often the generosity, inclusiveness, and quality of state welfare programs. States with large numbers of black citizens, and those that score highest on infant mortality, teen births, births to unmarried women, children living with a parent without a high school degree, and children living with a single parent have the highest rates of child poverty. Child poverty rates are lowest in states that suffer less unemployment, and in wealthier states. States that score higher on per capita personal income, tax revenues, and taxable resources have lower child poverty rates. While specific "tough" welfare policies adopted by some states seem to have no impact on child poverty rates, we tested for the first time a sophisticated measure of the overall quality of state welfare programs. The analysis reveals that the global quality of a state's welfare programs is often an independent predictor of child poverty. States with the most generous, inclusive, and supportive welfare programs have done the best job of lowering and containing child poverty.

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Section: Explaining Differences In Child Poverty Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child Poverty in the American States: The Impact of Welfare Reform, Economics, and Demographics

Rodgers¹,

Payne²

2007

Policy Studies Journal

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“…maternal employment, especially among single mothers, helped lower the poverty rate among children (Iceland, 2003;Lu et al, 2004). Job growth was fueled by a robust economy, new welfare reform legislation that emphasized ''work-first'' programs, and expanded work supports (e.g., expansion of the earned income tax credit) (Moffitt, 2002;Sawhill and Haskins, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Child Poverty Among Racial Minorities and Immigrants: Explaining Trends and Differentials^*

Lichter

Qian

Crowley

2005

Social Science Quarterly

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Objective. This article examines the effects of changing family structure (including cohabitation) and maternal employment during the 1990s on child poverty rates across America's diverse racial and ethnic groups. Unlike most previous studies focused on broad pan‐ethnic groups, our analyses examine children distinguished by race/ethnicity, immigrant generation, and national origin (e.g., Mexican, Japanese, Middle Eastern, among others). Methods. The analyses, using methods of demographic standardization, are based on data from the 1990 and 2000 Public Use Microdata Samples of the U.S. Decennial Censuses. Results. Child poverty rates declined broadly across population groups in the 1990s. Increasing maternal employment during the 1990s, rather than changing family structure, accounted for the largest share (nearly 40 percent) of the recent decline in child poverty rates. Changes in family structure played a minor role in reducing child poverty for most of the 25 groups considered in this article. Differences in family structure accounted for a large part of observed child poverty differences between minority groups. Conclusions. Rapid increases in maternal employment during the 1990s provided a hedge against rising child poverty and a route to economic self‐sufficiency for growing shares of single mothers and their children.

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“…Second, child poverty, like many indicators of social well-being, is strongly stratified by race. African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanic children continue to have substantially higher rates of poverty and near poverty than their White counterparts (Lichter, Qian & Crowley, 2005;Lu, Palmer, Song, Lennon, & Aber, 2004). Although these patterns reflect, in part, a growing share of children of color growing up in single-mother households (McLanahan & Percheski, 2008) and racial disparities in employment and education (Iceland, 2003;Lichter et al, 2005), adjusting for these issues does not close the racial gap in poverty.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiracial Children and Poverty: Evidence From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study of Kindergartners

Bratter

Kimbro

2013

Family Relations

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Despite the recent growth in multiracial children among American children, we know very little about their well‐being. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class (N = 17,706), we evaluated the likelihood of living in poverty and near poverty for multiracial and monoracial children. Most multiracial groups have poverty or near poverty rates that are in between Whites and their respective minority monoracial counterparts, with Asian‐Whites reporting a risk of poverty equivalent to Whites and Black‐Hispanics reporting risks as high as Black and Hispanic children. Family structure and educational and occupational attainment characteristics explain some or all of the White/non‐White differentials in poverty for multiracial groups, even as monoracial children still exhibit higher risk than Whites. We consider these patterns' implications for practitioners working with low‐income families.

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Children facing economic hardships in the United States

Cited by 6 publications

References 39 publications

Child Poverty in the American States: The Impact of Welfare Reform, Economics, and Demographics

Child Poverty in the American States: The Impact of Welfare Reform, Economics, and Demographics

Child Poverty Among Racial Minorities and Immigrants: Explaining Trends and Differentials^*

Multiracial Children and Poverty: Evidence From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study of Kindergartners

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Children facing economic hardships in the United States

Cited by 6 publications

References 39 publications

Child Poverty in the American States: The Impact of Welfare Reform, Economics, and Demographics

Child Poverty in the American States: The Impact of Welfare Reform, Economics, and Demographics

Child Poverty Among Racial Minorities and Immigrants: Explaining Trends and Differentials*

Multiracial Children and Poverty: Evidence From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study of Kindergartners

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Product

Resources

About

Child Poverty Among Racial Minorities and Immigrants: Explaining Trends and Differentials^*