Chitin and Chitosan as Direct Compression Excipients in Pharmaceutical Applications

Badwan, Adnan A.; Rashid, Iyad; Omari, Mahmoud M. H. Al; Darras, Fouad H

doi:10.3390/md13031519

Cited by 96 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Spray-drying and spray-granulation represent the most two common processes in DC excipient production [7][8][9]. However, apart from the high cost and investment of time, these techniques commonly impose complexity in terms of operational procedures, as well as process control [10]. Moreover, prior to spray drying, most excipients are subjected to physical and chemical treatment in order to provide specific functionalities for in vivo drug delivery purposes [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Performance of a Novel Direct Compression Excipient Comprising Roller Compacted Chitin

et al. 2020

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Chitin has been investigated in the context of finding new excipients suitable for direct compression, when subjected to roller compaction. Ball milling was concurrently carried out to compare effects from different energy or stress-inducing techniques. Samples of chitin powders (raw, processed, dried and humidified) were compared for variations in morphology, X-ray diffraction patterns, densities, FT-IR, flowability, compressibility and compactibility. Results confirmed the suitability of roller compaction to convert the fluffy powder of raw chitin to a bulky material with improved flow. X-ray powder diffraction studies showed that, in contrast to the high decrease in crystallinity upon ball milling, roller compaction manifested a slight deformation in the crystal lattice. Moreover, the new excipient showed high resistance to compression, due to the high compactibility of the granules formed. This was correlated to the significant extent of plastic deformation compared to the raw and ball milled forms of chitin. On the other hand, drying and humidification of raw and processed materials presented no added value to the compressibility and compactibility of the directly compressed excipient. Finally, compacted chitin showed direct compression similarity with microcrystalline cellulose when formulated with metronidazole (200 mg) without affecting the immediate drug release action of the drug.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Performance of a Novel Direct Compression Excipient Comprising Roller Compacted Chitin

et al. 2020

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“…Chitin is a nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymer [2, 3] with poor solubility at neutral pH [4]. Owing to its chemical properties, chitin has found many applications in biomedicine and biotechnology such as enzyme immobilizer in the food industry [5], immobilization of antibody in the presence of alginate [6], wound dressing and healing [7], anticancer agent [8], tissue engineering, and cancer diagnosis [9]. Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan have been shown to possess immunostimulating properties in mammals and plants [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin and Its Effects on Inflammatory and Immune Responses

Komi

Sharma

Cruz

2017

Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol

233

116

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Chitin, a potential allergy-promoting pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), is a linear polymer composed of N-acetylglucosamine residues which are linked by β-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds. Mammalians are potential hosts for chitin-containing protozoa, fungi, arthropods, and nematodes; however, mammalians themselves do not synthetize chitin and thus it is considered as a potential target for recognition by mammalian immune system. Chitin is sensed primarily in the lungs or gut where it activates a variety of innate (eosinophils, macrophages) and adaptive immune cells (IL-4/IL-13 expressing T helper type-2 lymphocytes). Chitin induces cytokine production, leukocyte recruitment, and alternative macrophage activation. Intranasal or intraperitoneal administration of chitin (varying in size, degree of acetylation and purity) to mice has been applied as a routine approach to investigate chitin’s priming effects on innate and adaptive immunity. Structural chitin present in microorganisms is actively degraded by host true chitinases, including acidic mammalian chitinases and chitotriosidase into smaller fragments that can be sensed by mammalian receptors such as FIBCD1, NKR-P1, and RegIIIc. Immune recognition of chitin also involves pattern recognition receptors, mainly via TLR-2 and Dectin-1, to activate immune cells to induce cytokine production and creation of an immune network that results in inflammatory and allergic responses. In this review, we will focus on various immunological aspects of the interaction between chitin and host immune system such as sensing, interactions with immune cells, chitinases as chitin degrading enzymes, and immunologic applications of chitin.

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“…These chemical substances, which are produced within their system, are called ‘marine natural products.’ Usually existing as secondary metabolites in marine invertebrates such as sponges, bryozoans, tunicates, and ascidians, marine natural products help these organisms by deterring their predators or paralyzing their prey [7, 8]. Upon the release of these compounds into their surroundings, they are usually rapidly diluted by water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in isolation, synthesis, and evaluation of bioactivities of bispyrroloquinone alkaloids of marine origin

Nijampatnam

Dutta

Velu

2015

Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines

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The ocean continues to provide a plethora of unique scaffolds capable of remarkable biological applications. A large number of pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids, including discorhabdins, epinardins, batzellines, makaluvamines, and veiutamine have already been isolated from marine organisms. A class of pyrroloiminoquinone-related alkaloids known as bispyrroloquinones is the focus of this review. This family of marine alkaloids, which contain an aryl substituted bispyrroloquinone ring system, includes three subclasses of alkaloids namely, wakayin, tsitsikammamines A-B and zyzzyanones A-D. Both wakayin and the tsitsikammamines contain a tetracyclic fused bispyrroloiminoquinone ring system, while zyzzyanones contain a fused tricyclic bispyrroloquinone ring system. The unique chemical structures of these marine natural products and their diverse biological properties, including antifungal and antimicrobial activity, as well as the potent, albeit generally nonspecific and universal cytotoxicities, have attracted great interest of synthetic chemists over the past three decades. Tsitsikammamines, wakayin, and several of their analogues show inhibition of topoisomerases. One additional possible mechanism of anticancer activity of tsitsikammamines analogues that was discovered recently is through the inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, an enzyme involved in tumoral immune resistance. This review discusses the isolation, synthesis, and bioactivities of bispyrroloquinone alkaloids and their analogues.

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Chitin and Chitosan as Direct Compression Excipients in Pharmaceutical Applications

Cited by 96 publications

References 109 publications

Understanding the Performance of a Novel Direct Compression Excipient Comprising Roller Compacted Chitin

Understanding the Performance of a Novel Direct Compression Excipient Comprising Roller Compacted Chitin

Chitin and Its Effects on Inflammatory and Immune Responses

Recent advances in isolation, synthesis, and evaluation of bioactivities of bispyrroloquinone alkaloids of marine origin

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