Chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gums, and β-glucan as potent adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems for viral threats including SARS-CoV-2: A review

Mallakpour, Shadpour; Azadi, Elham; Hussain, Chaudhery Mustansar

doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.155

Cited by 60 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Previous studies indicated the potential of β-glucans in the prevention, treatment, and complications of COVID-19 [14,169,170,[179][180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192]. Immunomodulatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and antithrombotic activities are of particular interest here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Beta-Glucans from Fungi: Biological and Health-Promoting Potential in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era

Mirończuk-Chodakowska

Kujawowicz

Witkowska

2021

Nutrients

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Beta-glucans comprise a group of polysaccharides of natural origin found in bacteria, algae, and plants, e.g., cereal seeds, as well as microfungi and macrofungi (mushrooms), which are characterized by diverse structures and functions. They are known for their metabolic and immunomodulatory properties, including anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral. Recent reports suggest a potential of beta-glucans in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. In contrast to β-glucans from other sources, β-glucans from mushrooms are characterized by β-1,3-glucans with short β-1,6-side chains. This structure is recognized by receptors located on the surface of immune cells; thus, mushroom β-glucans have specific immunomodulatory properties and gained BRM (biological response modifier) status. Moreover, mushroom beta-glucans also owe their properties to the formation of triple helix conformation, which is one of the key factors influencing the bioactivity of mushroom beta-glucans. This review summarizes the latest findings on biological and health-promoting potential of mushroom beta-glucans for the treatment of civilization and viral diseases, with particular emphasis on COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…[ [188][189][190] 13. β-glucan (from yeast, Saccharomysces cerevisiae) Decreasing platelet activation by increasing TGF-β1 production. Decreasing the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, which indirectly activates platelets and thrombin production.…”

Section: Modulation and Activation Of Nk-cells T-cells And γδ-T (Gamma Delta T)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beta-Glucans from Fungi: Biological and Health-Promoting Potential in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era

Mirończuk-Chodakowska

Kujawowicz

Witkowska

2021

Nutrients

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“…To date, vaccination is the most effective way to control infectious diseases. The antigen delivery systems or adjuvants are required to promote immune response production or increase the effectiveness of vaccines [ 69 ]. Some natural polymers with antiviral activity have good potential as antiviral agents, adjuvants or delivery systems for antiviral drugs and vaccine formulation development [ 70 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eucommia ulmoides Leaf Polysaccharide in Conjugation with Ovalbumin Act as Delivery System Can Improve Immune Response

et al. 2021

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In this investigation, to maximize the desired immunoenhancement effects of PsEUL and stimulate an efficient humoral and cellular immune response against an antigen, PsEUL and the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) were coupled using the N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) reaction to yield a novel delivery system (PsEUL-OVA). The physicochemical characteristics and immune regulation effects of this new system were investigated. We found the yield of this EDC method to be 46.25%. In vitro, PsEUL-OVA (200 μg mL−1) could enhance macrophage proliferation and increase their phagocytic efficiency. In vivo, PsEUL-OVA could significantly increase the levels of OVA-specific antibody (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b) titers and cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ) levels. Additionally, it could activate T lymphocytes and facilitate the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). These findings collectively suggested that PsEUL-OVA induced humoral and cellular immune responses by promoting the phagocytic activity of macrophages and DCs. Taken together, these results revealed that PsEUL-OVA had the potential to improve immune responses and provide a promising theoretical basis for the design of a novel delivery system.

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“…The results indicated that antigen-loaded chitosan NPs produced enhanced phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages and neutralised antibody levels against RVFV and IgG levels against RVFV nucleoprotein, in comparison with adjuvant-free RVFV inactivated antigen. These are a few examples among many in which NPs based on natural polymers have been used for the delivery of viral antigens, which have been extensively reviewed by other researchers [151][152][153][154].…”

Section: Polymeric Nanoparticles (Nps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanovaccine Delivery Approaches and Advanced Delivery Systems for the Prevention of Viral Infections: From Development to Clinical Application

et al. 2021

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Viral infections causing pandemics and chronic diseases are the main culprits implicated in devastating global clinical and socioeconomic impacts, as clearly manifested during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Immunoprophylaxis via mass immunisation with vaccines has been shown to be an efficient strategy to control such viral infections, with the successful and recently accelerated development of different types of vaccines, thanks to the advanced biotechnological techniques involved in the upstream and downstream processing of these products. However, there is still much work to be done for the improvement of efficacy and safety when it comes to the choice of delivery systems, formulations, dosage form and route of administration, which are not only crucial for immunisation effectiveness, but also for vaccine stability, dose frequency, patient convenience and logistics for mass immunisation. In this review, we discuss the main vaccine delivery systems and associated challenges, as well as the recent success in developing nanomaterials-based and advanced delivery systems to tackle these challenges. Manufacturing and regulatory requirements for the development of these systems for successful clinical and marketing authorisation were also considered. Here, we comprehensively review nanovaccines from development to clinical application, which will be relevant to vaccine developers, regulators, and clinicians.

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Chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gums, and β-glucan as potent adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems for viral threats including SARS-CoV-2: A review

Cited by 60 publications

References 50 publications

Beta-Glucans from Fungi: Biological and Health-Promoting Potential in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era

Beta-Glucans from Fungi: Biological and Health-Promoting Potential in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era

Eucommia ulmoides Leaf Polysaccharide in Conjugation with Ovalbumin Act as Delivery System Can Improve Immune Response

Nanovaccine Delivery Approaches and Advanced Delivery Systems for the Prevention of Viral Infections: From Development to Clinical Application

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