Chlamydia on Children and Flies After Mass Antibiotic Treatment for Trachoma

Lee, Scott; Alemayehu, Wondu; Melese, Muluken; Lakew, Takele; Lee, David; Yi, Elizabeth; Cevallos, Vicky; Donnellan, Cathy; Zhou, Zhaoxia; Chidambaram, Jaya D.; Gaynor, Bruce D.; Whitcher, John P.; Lietman, Thomas M.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.129

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…A study in The Gambia found a similar association between ocular C. trachomatis infection and age of the child, 6 and 12 months after mass treatment with azithromycin, and also found evidence of increased risk due to lack of latrine access at 6 months and ocular secretions at 12 months post-treatment (Burton et al 2005). In our study, flies, nasal and ocular discharge were not significant risk factors for C. trachomatis infection after MDA, only age and mass antibiotic treatment may reduce the transmission role of flies (Lee et al 2007). Increased frequency of MDA was associated with further reductions in C. trachomatis infection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

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Risk factors for active trachoma and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in rural Ethiopia after mass treatment with azithromycin

Edwards

Harding-Esch

Hailu³

et al. 2008

Tropical Med Int Health

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Summaryobjectives To investigate risk factors for ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection and active trachoma, comparing communities receiving or not receiving an intervention programme of community-wide azithromycin treatment and health education.methods In a 3-year post-intervention follow-up survey, 1722 children aged 3-9 years, from randomly selected households in 37 communities, were examined for signs of active trachoma and had samples taken to test for ocular C. trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction. Multivariate random effects logistic regression analyses considered interventions at community level, adjusting for other independent risk factors as appropriate.results Younger age, ocular discharge and flies on eyes were risk factors for active trachoma in communities with and without antibiotic treatment. After azithromycin treatment, odds of active trachoma were lower in children aged 6-9 years than in children aged 3-5 years (OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.36-0.66) and higher for children with ocular discharge (OR 4.5, 95% CI: 2.6-7.7) or flies on their eyes (OR 2.5, 95% CI: 1.6-3.7). Odds of C. trachomatis infection were lower in children aged 6-9 years than in younger children (OR 0.47, 95% CI: 0.23-0.96); and in children who received 2 or 3 doses rather than 1 (OR 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08-0.88).conclusions In communities that received or did not receive the mass antibiotic treatment, the same risk factors for C. trachomatis and active trachoma were identified. Education and environmental improvements need to supplement antibiotic campaigns in order to positively impact on these remaining child level risk factors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…2005). In our study, flies, nasal and ocular discharge were not significant risk factors for C. trachomatis infection after MDA, only age and mass antibiotic treatment may reduce the transmission role of flies (Lee et al. 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Risk factors for active trachoma and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in rural Ethiopia after mass treatment with azithromycin

Edwards

Harding-Esch

Hailu³

et al. 2008

Tropical Med Int Health

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“…Chlamydia trachomatis has been detected by polymerase chain reaction in around 20% of Musca sorbens caught on the faces of children in Ethiopia (Jones 1975; Miller et al. 2004a; Lee et al. 2007) and intervention trials to reduce fly density have been associated with a reduction in active trachoma in The Gambia (Emerson et al.…”

Section: Transmission Of Chlamydia Trachomatis Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and control of trachoma: systematic review

Harding-Esch

Burton

et al. 2010

Tropical Medicine & International Health

151

144

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Trachoma is the commonest infectious cause of blindness. Recurrent episodes of infection with serovars A–C of Chlamydia trachomatis cause conjunctival inflammation in children who go on to develop scarring and blindness as adults. It was estimated that in 2002 at least 1.3 million people were blind from trachoma, and currently 40 million people are thought to have active disease and 8.2 million to have trichiasis. The disease is largely found in poor, rural communities in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The WHO promotes trachoma control through a multifaceted approach involving surgery, mass antibiotic distribution, encouraging facial cleanliness and environmental improvements. This has been associated with significant reductions in the prevalence of active disease over the past 20 years, but there remain a large number of people with trichiasis who are at risk of blindness.

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“…Adult M. sorbens feed on ocular and nasal secretions to obtain nutrition and liquid [2], and in doing so can transmit Chlamydia trachomatis, the bacterium that causes trachoma, from person to person. Chlamydia trachomatis DNA has been found on wild caught M. sorbens [3][4][5], and a laboratory study demonstrated mechanical transmission of Chlamydia psittaci between the eyes of guinea pigs by the closely related Musca domestica [6]. Strong evidence for the role of M. sorbens as a vector of trachoma comes from a cluster-randomised controlled trial that examined the impact of fly control interventions on trachoma prevalence [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of the putative trachoma vector, Musca sorbens, to volatile semiochemicals from human faeces

et al. 2020

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The putative vector of trachoma, Musca sorbens, prefers to lay its eggs on human faeces on the ground. This study sought to determine whether M. sorbens females were attracted to volatile odours from human faeces in preference to odours from the faeces of other animals, and to determine whether specific volatile semiochemicals mediate selection of the faeces. Traps baited with the faeces of humans and local domestic animals were used to catch flies at two trachoma-endemic locations in The Gambia and one in Ethiopia. At all locations, traps baited with faeces caught more female M. sorbens than control traps baited with soil, and human faeces was the most successful bait compared with soil (mean rate ratios 44.40, 61.40, 10.50 [P<0.001]; 8.17 for child faeces [P = 0.004]). Odours from human faeces were sampled by air entrainment, then extracts of the volatiles were tested by coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography with laboratory-reared female M. sorbens. Twelve compounds were electrophysiologically active and tentatively identified by coupled mass spectrometry-gas chromatography, these included cresol, indole, 2-methylpropanoic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid and hexanoic acid. It is possible that some of these volatiles govern the strong attraction of M. sorbens flies to human faeces. If so, a synthetic blend of these chemicals, at the correct ratios, may prove to be a highly attractive lure. This could be

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Chlamydia on Children and Flies After Mass Antibiotic Treatment for Trachoma

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Risk factors for active trachoma and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in rural Ethiopia after mass treatment with azithromycin

Risk factors for active trachoma and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in rural Ethiopia after mass treatment with azithromycin

Epidemiology and control of trachoma: systematic review

Responses of the putative trachoma vector, Musca sorbens, to volatile semiochemicals from human faeces

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