Chloramphenicol Resistance in Hæmophilus Influenzæ

Section: Isolation and Identification Of H Influenzaementioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of rifampin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae

Nicolle¹,

Postl²,

Kotelewetz³

et al. 1982

“…However, there have been recent reports of ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae strains, particularly type B (10,12,20,23). Recently, there have also been sporadic reports of resistance to chloramphenicol and tetracycline (14,23), the usual alternative drugs. Cefamandole, a new cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity, has been shown to be effective against various infectious disorders caused by H. influenzae (2,18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation of Cefamandole in the Therapy of Haemophilus spp. Bronchopulmonary Infections

Delgado

Brau

Cobbs

et al. 1979

A prospective, randomized, single-blind comparison of parenteral cefamandole and ampicillin was conducted in 27 hospitalized adult patients with pneumonia or purulent tracheobronchitis due to Haemophilus spp. Patients received either parenteral cefamandole or ampicillin in a dose of 1 g every 6 h. Cefamandole was as effective and safe as ampicillin. Of the 14 patients treated with cefamandole, 13 were considered cured, as were 12 of the 13 treated with ampicillin. One patient in each treatment group improved clinically but did not clear his sputum of Haemophilus spp. One patient treated with cefamandole had a recurrence of Haemophilus spp. bronchitis 9 days after cure. Adverse effects were more common in the cefamandole-treated group (50% versus 15%), but were mild and did not require discontinuation of therapy in any patient. The in vitro susceptibilities of 64 clinical isolates of Haemophilus spp. to 10 antibiotics were determined.Cefamandole was the most active of the cephalosporin-cephamycin antibiotics tested, inhibiting 98% of 61 non-beta-lactamase-producing isolates at 2 ,ug/ml and 100% at 4 ,g/ml. Cefamandole inhibited the three ampicillin-resistant isolates at 2 ug/ml or less. Cephapirin, cefoxitin, and cephalothin were the next most active, whereas cefazolin and cephradine were the least active.Ampicillin has generally been regarded as the antimicrobial agent of choice for Haemophilus influenzae bronchopulmonary infections (13). However, there have been recent reports of ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae strains, particularly type B (10,12,20,23). Recently, there have also been sporadic reports of resistance to chloramphenicol and tetracycline (14,23), the usual alternative drugs. Cefamandole, a new cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity, has been shown to be effective against various infectious disorders caused by H. influenzae (2,18

“…Because of the emergence of ampicillinresistant H. influenzae strains, a combination of chloramphenicol and ampicillin is currently recommended for initial treatment of bacterial meningitis (3). Chloramphenicol is bactericidal for all three of these organisms (10); however, occasional resistance of H. influenzae to chloramphenicol has been reported (6,7,13). In addition, chloramphenicol has potentially serious though infrequent side effects (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro activity of moxalactam alone and in combination with penicillin against common meningeal pathogens

Azimi¹

1982

Moxalactam demonstrated marked activity against beta-lactamase-positive and -negative Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis by both standard minimal inhibitory concentration testing and growth curve studies. Moxalactam was ineffective against S. pneumoniae partially susceptible to penicillin G. Moxalactam (5 micrograms/ml) and penicillin (1 microgram/ml) in combination were indifferent to each other's antibacterial activity, exerting neither synergism nor antagonism against these organisms.