Chloride binding of cement-based materials subjected to external chloride environment – A review

Yuan, Qiang; Shi, Caijun; Schutter, Geert De; Audenaert, Katrien; Deng, Dehua

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.02.004

Cited by 652 publications

(258 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Many extensive reviews regarding the binding of chlorides in concrete can be found in literature e.g. in [17][18][19]. During the migration test not only the chlorides but also other ions, such as OH À , are migrating.…”

Section: Chloride Bindingmentioning

confidence: 99%

RCM: A new model accounting for the non-linear chloride binding isotherm and the non-equilibrium conditions between the free- and bound-chloride concentrations

Spiesz

Ballari

Brouwers

2012

Construction and Building Materials

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a b s t r a c tIn this paper a new theoretical model for the Rapid Chloride Migration test is presented. This model accounts for the non-linear chloride binding isotherm and the non-equilibrium conditions between the free-and bound-chloride concentrations in concrete. The new system of equations is solved numerically and compared to a simplified analytical solution, revealing a good agreement. Subsequently, numerical simulations are applied to experimental data on chloride concentration profiles in concrete obtained elsewhere. The binding parameters, the chloride mass transfer coefficient and the effective diffusion coefficient of chloride are estimated with these simulations. The non-linear binding coefficients correspond well to experimental data found in literature. The chloride mass transfer coefficient reveals a tendency to decrease in time during the application of electrical field across a concrete sample. The effective chloride diffusion coefficient (D eff ) obtained in the present study is found to be in line with data obtained elsewhere. Finally, it is demonstrated that the values of the diffusion coefficient computed from the Rapid Chloride Migration test in the traditional way are overestimated.

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Section: Chloride Bindingmentioning

confidence: 99%

RCM: A new model accounting for the non-linear chloride binding isotherm and the non-equilibrium conditions between the free- and bound-chloride concentrations

Spiesz

Ballari

Brouwers

2012

Construction and Building Materials

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“…The explanation is related to the effect of the admixed micelles on the formation of hydration products and chloride-binding capacity of the cement-based materials. [59][60][61]. In order to verify the influence of admixed micelles on the chloride-binding capacity of cement-based materials, the microstructure and the hydration products distribution of cement paste (with the same w/c of 0.5 as for reinforced mortar) were also examined by ESEM and nano-indentation at 7 days hydration age.…”

Section: Microstructural Analysis Of Bulk Matrix and Steel/cement Pasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion performance of reinforced mortar in the presence of polymeric nano-aggregates: electrochemical behavior, surface analysis, and properties of the steel/cement paste interface

Koleva

Breugel

2012

J Mater Sci

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This study reports on the effect of admixed polyethylene oxide-b-polystyrene (PEO 113 -b-PS 70 ) micelles on corrosion behavior of reinforced mortar. The electrochemical measurement shows that the corrosion performance of the reinforcing steel was not significantly improved. However, surface analysis and microstructural investigation at the steel/cement paste interface reveal that the admixed micelles lead to a steel surface layer with enhanced barrier properties in terms of morphology and composition. Therefore, the presence of micelles further minimized and halted the corrosion process, despite the very aggressive, chloride-containing environment of 5% NaCl. The reasons and mechanisms behind the hereby observed corrosion behavior of reinforced mortar in the presence of micelles are related to the influence of these nano-aggregates on microstructural properties. These further results in altered water/ion transport and chloride-binding mechanisms in the bulk mortar matrix and thus steel product layer modifications towards enhanced corrosion resistance.

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“…The possible reason for this feature is attributed to the fact that a higher binding capacity is used in the ClinConc model compared to the actual conditions. The chloride binding capacity is influenced by various factors such as temperature, moisture-content, free chloride content, hydroxyl ion concentration and exposure time [42]. The higher the hydroxyl ion content in the capillary pore water, the less will be the chloride binding capacity due to chemical competition between hydroxides and chlorides for adsorption sites [43,44].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloride ingress into marine exposed concrete: A comparison of empirical- and physically- based models

Kim

McCarter

Suryanto

et al. 2016

Cement and Concrete Composites

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This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT AbstractIn establishing the reliability of performance-related design methods for concrete -which are relevant for resistance against chloride-induced corrosion -long-term experience of local materials and practices and detailed knowledge of the ambient and local micro-climate are critical. Furthermore, in the development of analytical models for performance-based design, calibration against test data representative of actual conditions in practice is required. To this end, the current study presents results from full-scale, concrete pier-stems under long-term exposure to a marine environment with work focussing on XS2 (below mid-tide level) in which the concrete is regarded as fully saturated and XS3 (tidal, splash and spray) in which the concrete is in an unsaturated condition. These exposures represent zones where concrete structures are most susceptible to ionic ingress and deterioration. Chloride profiles and chloride transport behaviour are studied using both an empirical model (erfc function) and a physical model (ClinConc). The time dependency of surface chloride concentration (C s ) and apparent diffusivity (D a ) were established for the empirical model whereas, in the ClinConc model (originally based on saturated concrete), two new environmental factors were introduced for the XS3 environmental exposure zone. Although the XS3 is considered as one environmental exposure zone according to BS EN 206-1:2013, the work has highlighted that even within this zone, significant changes in chloride ingress are evident. This study aims to update the parameters of both models for predicting the long term transport behaviour of concrete subjected to environmental exposure classes XS2 and XS3.Keywords: concrete, full-scale testing, marine environment, modelling, durability, IntroductionThe most predominant process associated with reinforced concrete deterioration is the ingress of water contaminated with chloride either from deicing salt used for snow and ice control on roads for winter maintenance purposes or from the marine environment where, for example, bridges span tidal estuaries. Because the use of deicing salt is likely to continue for the foreseeable future, and concrete structures will always be placed in, or near, the marine environment, little can be done to prevent structures from being exposed to chloride salts.The premature deterioration of concrete structures due to chloride ingress and subsequent corrosion of the steel reinforcement is a world-wide problem and imparts a significant drain...

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Chloride binding of cement-based materials subjected to external chloride environment – A review

Cited by 652 publications

References 41 publications

RCM: A new model accounting for the non-linear chloride binding isotherm and the non-equilibrium conditions between the free- and bound-chloride concentrations

RCM: A new model accounting for the non-linear chloride binding isotherm and the non-equilibrium conditions between the free- and bound-chloride concentrations

Corrosion performance of reinforced mortar in the presence of polymeric nano-aggregates: electrochemical behavior, surface analysis, and properties of the steel/cement paste interface

Chloride ingress into marine exposed concrete: A comparison of empirical- and physically- based models

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