Chlorination disinfection by-products in municipal drinking water – A review

Mazhar, Mohd. Aamir; Khan, N. A.; Ahmed, Sirajuddin; Khan, Afzal Husain; Hussain, Azhar; Uddin, Rahis; Changani, Fazlollah; Yousefi, Mahmood; Ahmadi, Shahin; Vambol, Viola

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123159

Cited by 256 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Excessive DON can lead to eutrophication and acidification ( Yao et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, when surface water is treated for drinking purposes, DON can react with chlorinated disinfectants to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs) ( Gu et al., 2011 ; Mazhar et al., 2020 ). The presence of DON in surface water will proliferate the formation potential of DBPs, posing a considerable threat to human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial variation of dissolved organic nitrogen in Wuhan surface waters: Correlation with the occurrence of disinfection byproducts during the COVID-19 pandemic

et al. 2021

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Intensified sanitization practices during the recent coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) led to the release of chlorine-based disinfectants in surface water, potentially triggering the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in the presence of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Thus, a comprehensive investigation of DON's spatial distribution and its association with DBP occurrence in the surface water is urgently needed. In this study, a total of 51 water samples were collected from two rivers and four lakes in May 2020 in Wuhan to explore the regional variation of nitrogen (N) species, DON's compositional characteristics, and the three classes of DBP occurrence. In lakes, 53.0% to 86.3% of N existed as DON, with its concentration varying between 0.3–4.0 mg N/L. In contrast, NO 3 − -N was the dominant N species in rivers. Spectral analysis revealed that DON in the lakes contained higher humic and fulvic materials with higher A 254 , A 253 /A 203, SUVA 254 , and P III+IV /P I+II+V ratios, while rivers had higher levels of hydrophilic compounds. Trihalomethanes (THMs) were the most prevalent DBPs in the surface waters, followed by N-nitrosamines and haloacetonitriles (HANs). The levels of N-nitrosamines (23.1–97.4 ng/L) increased significantly after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Excessive DON in the surface waters was responsible for the formation of N-nitrosamines. This study confirmed that the presence of DON in surface water could result in DBP formation, especially N-nitrosamines, when disinfectants were discharged into surface water during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial variation of dissolved organic nitrogen in Wuhan surface waters: Correlation with the occurrence of disinfection byproducts during the COVID-19 pandemic

et al. 2021

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“…In order to detect Cr (VI) in environmental water samples, Zhang et al synthesized a carbon dot-based nanosensor. The synthesized nanosensor was found to be sensitive to Cr (VI) with the detection limit of 2.3 nM at pH 6 [ 185 ].…”

Section: Nanotechnology In Wastewater Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanotechnology in Wastewater Management: A New Paradigm Towards Wastewater Treatment

et al. 2021

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Clean and safe water is a fundamental human need for multi-faceted development of society and a thriving economy. Brisk rises in populations, expanding industrialization, urbanization and extensive agriculture practices have resulted in the generation of wastewater which have not only made the water dirty or polluted, but also deadly. Millions of people die every year due to diseases communicated through consumption of water contaminated by deleterious pathogens. Although various methods for wastewater treatment have been explored in the last few decades but their use is restrained by many limitations including use of chemicals, formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), time consumption and expensiveness. Nanotechnology, manipulation of matter at a molecular or an atomic level to craft new structures, devices and systems having superior electronic, optical, magnetic, conductive and mechanical properties, is emerging as a promising technology, which has demonstrated remarkable feats in various fields including wastewater treatment. Nanomaterials encompass a high surface to volume ratio, a high sensitivity and reactivity, a high adsorption capacity, and ease of functionalization which makes them suitable for application in wastewater treatment. In this article we have reviewed the techniques being developed for wastewater treatment using nanotechnology based on adsorption and biosorption, nanofiltration, photocatalysis, disinfection and sensing technology. Furthermore, this review also highlights the fate of the nanomaterials in wastewater treatment as well as risks associated with their use.

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“…Maintaining drinking water quality is a significant global issue in public health, where the use of chlorine-based disinfectants (e.g., Cl 2 or sodium hypochlorite) in drinking water is regarded as a major achievement for public health in the 20th century [ 1 ]. Chlorination efficiently reduces microbial pathogen levels in water supplies and the incidence of waterborne diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DBCM and bromoform were assigned to Group 3 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cancer potency factors because of their inconclusive carcinogenicity in humans and limited evidence from experimental studies on animals [ 1 , 8 ]. Besides carcinogenicity, animal studies indicate that chloroform in drinking water supplies may lead to low birth weight, prematurity, and intrauterine growth retardation [ 1 , 8 , 9 ]. Chloroform may cause acute and chronic ecological effects to aquatic life due to its moderate acute and chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption Studies of Waterborne Trihalomethanes Using Modified Polysaccharide Adsorbents

2021

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The adsorptive removal of trihalomethanes (THMs) from spiked water samples was evaluated with a series of modified polysaccharide adsorbents that contain β-cylodextrin or chitosan. The uptake properties of these biodegradable polymer adsorbents were evaluated with a mixture of THMs in aqueous solution. Gas chromatography employing a direct aqueous injection (DAI) method with electrolytic conductivity detection enabled quantification of THMs in water at 295 K and at pH 6.5. The adsorption isotherms for the polymer-THMs was evaluated using the Sips model, where the monolayer adsorption capacities ranged between 0.04 and 1.07 mmol THMs/g for respective component THMs. Unique adsorption characteristics were observed that vary according to the polymer structure, composition, and surface chemical properties. The modified polysaccharide adsorbents display variable molecular recognition and selectivity toward component THMs in the mixed systems according to the molecular size and polarizability of the adsorbates.

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Chlorination disinfection by-products in municipal drinking water – A review

Cited by 256 publications

References 75 publications

Spatial variation of dissolved organic nitrogen in Wuhan surface waters: Correlation with the occurrence of disinfection byproducts during the COVID-19 pandemic

Spatial variation of dissolved organic nitrogen in Wuhan surface waters: Correlation with the occurrence of disinfection byproducts during the COVID-19 pandemic

Nanotechnology in Wastewater Management: A New Paradigm Towards Wastewater Treatment

Adsorption Studies of Waterborne Trihalomethanes Using Modified Polysaccharide Adsorbents

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