Chlorination for low-cost household water disinfection – A critical review and status in three Latin American countries

Critical review of household water treatment in Southeast Asian countries

“…The small water service projects in Nepal are an example of successful story that illustrated the importance of co-designing concept in its implementation. Many HWT studies reported that despite the efforts to overcome barriers that exist in the scaling up of HWTs including cost and education, low sustained usage of HWTs products were observed (DuBois et al, 2010;Luoto et al, 2011Luoto et al, , 2012Nielsen et al, 2022;Pickering et al, 2019;Rosa et al, 2016;Schmidt & Cairncross, 2009). However, they agreed on the need for better understanding of end-user's choices, preferences and aspirations when it comes to HWTs.…”

“…However, they agreed on the need for better understanding of end‐user's choices, preferences and aspirations when it comes to HWTs. Recent papers discussing the design of sustainable HWTs, emphasized the importance of focusing on users (Deng, 2021; Nielsen et al, 2022; Ojomo et al, 2015). While most previous studies were designed to address a user's need, co‐designing concept exemplified in the Nepal's initiatives, bring the users to the table of discussion during the planning stage itself.…”

“…Out of three randomized efficacy trials in Kenya, Bangladesh, and Zimbabwe, WASH Benefits Bangladesh reported reduction in child diarrhea with the immense support of frequent contact of the promoter with the participants (Pickering et al, 2019). While this level of commitment from the promoters for WASH might not be scalable, however, most literature supported the need for more evidence on the use of HWT especially in developing countries in contributing to the realization of SDG 6 in a sustainable way (Deng, 2021; Luoto et al, 2012; Nielsen et al, 2022; Pickering et al, 2019; Rosa et al, 2016).…”

Antimicrobial dichloroisocyanurate-salts for controlled release of chlorine

“…19 In this context, examples of chlorine-containing compounds available for water disinfection effects include chloroisocyanurates (sodium dichloroisocyanurate, trichloroisocyanuric acid), and hypochlorites (ex: Li, Ca, and Na hypochlorite). [20][21][22][23][24][25] These compounds generate Free Available Chlorine (FAC) in the form of HClO and ClO − . FAC is a measure of the oxidizing or bactericidal ability of active chlorine in a compound, expressed as elemental chlorine, and is commonly referred to in the water treatment industry as a weight percent.…”

Hydrogen peroxide in household water treatment and disinfection technologies

“…One of the main methods for point-of-use disinfection for drinking water is chlorination followed by safe storage. Chlorine has historically supplied microbiologically safe drinking water in collective water systems and, likewise, chlorine has also been introduced as a low-cost HWT in rural and marginalized communities (NIELSEN et al 2022).…”