Chlorobenzenes and Chlorophenols as Indicator Parameters for Chlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans in Incineration Processes: Influences of Various Facilities and Sampling Points

Kaune, A.; Lenoir, Dieter; Schramm, Karl‐Werner; Zimmermann, Ralf; Kettrup, A.; Jaeger, K.; Rückel, H.G.; Frank, F.

doi:10.1089/ees.1998.15.85

Cited by 47 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…These classes of compounds were always found together with PCDD/Fs in the effluents of incinerators and have been suggested as indicator compounds. Concentrations of CBs and CPs could be correlated with that of PCDD/Fs in stack gas of incinerators (Kaune et al, 1998;Lenoir et al, 2001). CBs concentrations were typically about three orders of 0045-6535/$ -see front matter Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide

et al. 2005

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Research aimed at understanding the inhibition effect of CaO on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) formation form dioxins precursors, such as chlorophenols (CPs) and chlorobenzenes (CBs). The results indicated that a clear dioxin inhibition effect occurred both in open and sealed system when CaO was used. In the open system, PCDDs were the main congeners and the inhibition efficiency was all over 99% in the experiments. In the experiments with CaO, less than 0.1% of the initial PCP was detected in the absorption tube and only about 1% of the initial PCP was examined as calcium pentachlorophenate in the reaction tube. In the sealed system, the inhibition efficiency was over 90% at temperature range between 280 and 450°C when PCP was used as model precursor. When HCB and 2,3,4,5-T 4 CP replaced PCP, significant inhibition effect was also observed. As CaO has the advantageous properties of non-toxicity and non-volatile nature, it is our hope that the result will contribute to the development of a new technique to cope with the problem of dioxin pollution in MWIs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide

et al. 2005

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“…These 31 compounds were selected, in part, based on the general understanding that lower chlorinated compounds are more readily detectable with REMPI-TOFMS than higher chlorinated compounds. 11 These pre-ETV tests replicated the high and low dopant loads that would occur under the subsequent actual ETV study. A correlation analysis was run on the results between the PCDD/F toxic equivalency measure (TEQ) and other semivolatile compounds sampled by EPA Method 0010.…”

Section: Rempi-tofms Testingmentioning

confidence: 58%

Verification results of jet resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization as a real-time PCDD/F emission monitor

Gullett

Oudejans

Touati

et al. 2008

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

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A jet resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) monitor was tested on a hazardous-waste-fi red boiler for its ability to determine concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs). Jet REMPI is a real-time instrument capable of highly selective and sensitive (from parts per billion to parts per trillion) detection of a broad range of aromatic compounds, including a number of air toxic compounds. The PCDD/F toxic equivalency (TEQ) value was derived from a predetermined correlation (R 2 = 0.74) with monochlorobenzene (MClBz). This relationship was applied to nine subsequent jet REMPI on-line measurements of MClBz and parallel, standard extractive sampling for PCDD/F TEQ. For high waste-fi ring rates, with a range of PCDD/F TEQ values between 3.9 and 6.0 ng TEQ/m 3 , the TEQ values predicted by jet REMPI had a relative difference of 26% with the standard EPA Method 23 results. At low waste-fi ring rates (0.9-1.6 ng TEQ/m 3 ), the relative difference increased to 219%. This limited testing shows that jet REMPI has promise as an on-line diagnostic monitor, providing feedback on the effects on PCDD/F emissions of operating parameter changes such as fuel feed interruptions or air pollution control failures.

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“…Those differences might be due to different types of incinerators and fuel, different cleaning devices, different sampling points and different ways to normalize the experimental data (Lavric et al, 2005). In several studies (Öberg and Bergström, 1985;Kaune et al, 1998;Yan et al, 2010) higher chlorinated benzenes were indicated as PCDD/Fs or as I-TEQ surrogate; however, other research pointed out low chlorinated benzenes as best I-TEQ indicators Blumenstock et al, 2000), and the first indirect on-line measurement of the I-TEQ at a full scale industrial plant using REMPI-TOFMS has been performed relying on such correlation . Therefore, the research of this paper has a certain reference value on the application of online monitoring technology in the future, especially in the hazardous waste incinerator.…”

Section: Pcbz Emission and Its Relation To Pcdd/f Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PCDD/F and PCBz Emissions during Start-up and Normal Operation of a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in China

Lin

Huang

Chen

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The PCDD/F emissions from incinerator start-up are a major contributor to the total amount of such emissions, as has been reported in studies of numerous municipal solid waste incinerators. However, very few studies have examined the start-up process at hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs). In this work we studied the emissions of PCDD/Fs and other pollutants, such as PCBz, at the stack during start-up and normal operations in a HWI. We found that the PCDD/F emissions during start-up were greater than during normal operations, and were comparable to the annual emissions during the normal combustion regime. The emissions of PCDD/Fs were highest during start-up when the temperature was around 500°C, reaching 59.5 ng/Nm 3 (5.49 ng I-TEQ/Nm 3 ) when no APCDs were applied. The emission values of PCDD/Fs during start-up with the application of APCDs and during normal operations were very low, which indicates the importance of APCDs when starting up a HWI, as well as before feeding waste. The chlorination degree, the ratio of PCDFs/PCDDs and the congener profiles were also discussed during start-up and normal operations, with the results suggesting different formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs. PCBz emissions are two or three orders of magnitude higher than those of PCDD/Fs, and 1,2,4,5-TeCBz was the best correlated PCBz used as a PCDD/F indicator in real HWI flue gas.

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Chlorobenzenes and Chlorophenols as Indicator Parameters for Chlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans in Incineration Processes: Influences of Various Facilities and Sampling Points

Cited by 47 publications

References 11 publications

Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide

Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide

Verification results of jet resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization as a real-time PCDD/F emission monitor

PCDD/F and PCBz Emissions during Start-up and Normal Operation of a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in China

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