Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile tear gas exposure

Abstract

<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:</jats:title><jats:p> Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) is the tear gas used by the police. The aim was to evaluate an amphoteric, hypertonic, and chelating rinsing solution in CS exposure. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:</jats:title><jats:p> The first (CS) group of six police officers was exposed to CS only. The second (preexposure) group of eight sprayed their faces with an aqueous, hypertonic, amphoteric, and chelating solution before CS exposure. The third (postexposure) group of eight sprayed their faces with an aqueous, hypertonic, amphoteric, and chelating solution after CS exposure. The time between exiting the CS cloud and arriving at the “ready for action” checkpoint was measured. Their facial pain both inside the CS cloud and at the checkpoint was assessed (0–10 points). </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:</jats:title><jats:p> The pain level inside the CS cloud was significantly lower in the preexposed group (5.6 ± 1.1; p = 0.01) than in the CS group (9.7 ± 0.5) and in the postexposure group (9.1 ± 0.4) where it was similar. The time interval between CS exposure and arrival at the checkpoint in the preexposure group (1:26 ± 0:44 min) was significantly shorter than both in the CS group (2:28 ± 0:25 min; p = 0.04) and postexposure group (2:30 ± 0:48 min; p = 0.02) where it was not different. The residual pain at the checkpoint in the preexposure (1.1 ± 0.4) and postexposure (1.4 ± 0.7) groups was similar with a significant lower pain level than in the CS group (2.3 ± 0.5; p = 0.02). </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:</jats:title><jats:p> CS decontamination with an aqueous, hypertonic, amphoteric, and chelating solution reduces facial pain, whereas prevention with it reduces pain and recovery time. </jats:p></jats:sec>

Ecotoxicity of o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CBM) and Toxicological Risk Assessment for SCLP Biological Cultures (Saccharomyces sp., Chlorella sp., Lactobacillus sp., Paramecium sp.)

“…Explosives are substances that, under the influence of external actions, can undergo rapid chemical transformation, accompanied by a sudden release of heat and the formation of highly heated gases. Shock waves, projectiles, gases, metal particles, powder particles, smoke and flame act specifically when passing through substance in an aerosol state; the specific surface of the substance increases greatly, leading to the acceleration of chemical processes that under normal conditions occur very slowly [ 3 ].…”

Irritants: a modern redefining of relevance to the armed forces and the prospect of creating medical means of protection

“…Одним из немногочисленных в данной области является исследование J.P. Stopyra et al [32], проведенное с участием добровольцев (новобранцев полиции и военнослужащих армии США в процессе их профессионально-тактической подготовки), в результате которого, во-первых, подчеркивается, что процедура промывки водой глаз и рта до сих пор является основным мероприятием частичной санитарной обработки при поражении CS, и, во-вторых, доказывается отсутствие увеличения эффективности этой процедуры при добавлении к воде моющих средств, в частности детского шампуня. В исследовании M. Brvar [10], проведенном на добровольцах (офицерах полиции), были получены экспериментальные данные, подтверждающие лечебную и даже профилактическую эффективность использования водного гипертонического амфотерного и хелатирующего раствора при поражении CS. Эти данные позволяют сделать вывод о перспективности использования таких растворов для частичной санитарной обработки при поражении ирритантами.…”