Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in the 
rat retina

Firth, Sally I.; Varela, Carolina; Villa, Pedro de la; Marshak, David

doi:10.1017/s0952523802194156

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Finding out what neuromodulators are used by the ipRGC-coupled amacrine cells would provide insights into how these neurons might influence retinal physiology. At least eleven neuromodulators have been detected in displaced rat amacrine cells: cholecystokinin [46], corticotropin releasing factor [47], dopamine [14], epinephrine [48], neurokinin A and B [49], neuropeptide Y [50], nitric oxide [51], somatostatin [52], substance P [53], and vasoactive intestinal peptide [54]. We have shown that ipRGC-coupled rat amacrine cells are not dopaminergic (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All Spiking, Sustained ON Displaced Amacrine Cells Receive Gap-Junction Input from Melanopsin Ganglion Cells

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Retinal neurons exhibit sustained vs. transient light responses, which are thought to encode low- and high-frequency stimuli respectively. This dichotomy has been recognized since the earliest intracellular recordings from the 1960s, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. We report that in the ganglion cell layer of rat retinas, all spiking amacrine interneurons with sustained ON photoresponses receive gap-junction input from intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), recently discovered photoreceptors that specialize in prolonged irradiance detection. We have identified three morphological varieties of such ipRGC-driven displaced amacrine cells: 1) monostratified cells with dendrites terminating exclusively in sublamina S5 of the inner plexiform layer; 2) bistratified cells with dendrites in both S1 and S5; and 3) polyaxonal cells with dendrites and axons stratifying in S5. Most of these amacrine cells are wide-field, although some are medium-field. The three classes respond to light differently, suggesting they probably perform diverse functions. These results demonstrate that ipRGCs are a major source of tonic visual information within the retina and exert widespread intraretinal influence. They also add to recent evidence that ganglion cells signal not only to the brain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All Spiking, Sustained ON Displaced Amacrine Cells Receive Gap-Junction Input from Melanopsin Ganglion Cells

et al. 2015

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“…al, 2011), VG3 ACs (C13: VGlut3 [Slc17a8]; Haverkamp and Wässle, 2004;Johnson et al, 2004;Krishnaswamy et al, 2015); and A17 ACs (C6: Prkca (PKCα), Sdk1, Calb2 negative, Dab1-negative; Grimes et al, 2010;Puthussery and Fletcher 2007;Yamagata and Sanes, 2019). Other types expressed neuropeptides known to mark specific AC types; they include Cck (C10,C17,C18,C34; Firth et al, 2002), Vip, (C22,C26,C47; Park et al, 2015;Akrouh and Kerschensteiner, 2015;Pérez de Sevilla Müller et al, 2019), Crh (C37; Park et al, 2018) and Penk (C35,C59,C63; Chen et al, 2013). For some of these types, we were able to validate new markers, such as Car3 for VG3 cells (Figure 3B,C).…”

Section: Correspondence Between Clusters and Ac Typesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Molecular identification of sixty-three amacrine cell types completes a mouse retinal cell atlas

Wang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Amacrine cells (ACs) are a diverse class of interneurons that modulate input from photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), rendering each RGC type selectively sensitive to particular visual features, which are then relayed to the brain. While many AC types have been identified morphologically and physiologically, they have not been comprehensively classified or molecularly characterized. We used high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile >32,000 ACs from mouse retina, and applied computational methods to identify 63 AC types. We identified molecular markers for each type, and used them to characterize the morphology of multiple types. We show that they include nearly all previously known AC types as well as many that had not been described. Consistent with previous studies, most of the AC types express markers for the canonical inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA or glycine, but several express neither or both. In addition, many express one or more neuropeptides, and two express glutamatergic markers. We also explored transcriptomic relationships among AC types and identified transcription factors expressed by individual or multiple closely related types. Noteworthy among these were Meis2 and Tcf4, expressed by most GABAergic and most glycinergic types, respectively. Together, these results provide a foundation for developmental and functional studies of ACs, as well as means for genetically accessing them. Along with previous molecular, physiological and morphological analyses, they establish the existence of at least 130 neuronal types and nearly 140 cell types in mouse retina. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mouse retina is a leading model for analyzing the development, structure, function and pathology of neural circuits. A complete molecular atlas of retinal cell types provides an important foundation for these studies. We used high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize the most heterogeneous class of retinal interneurons, amacrine cells, identifying 63 distinct types. The atlas includes types identified previously as well as many novel types. We provide evidence for use of multiple neurotransmitters and neuropeptides and identify transcription factors expressed by groups of closely related types. Combining these results with those obtained previously, we proposed that the mouse retina contains 130 neuronal types, and is therefore comparable in complexity to other regions of the brain.

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“…, 2008). Both CCK and the CCK‐B receptor have also been reported to be expressed in the retina, most likely in a subtype of amacrine cells (Firth et al. , 2002; Bragado et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholecystokinin (CCK)‐expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: innervation, light responsiveness and entrainment in CCK‐deficient mice

Hannibal

Hundahl

Fahrenkrug

et al. 2010

Eur J of Neuroscience

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The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the principal pacemaker driving circadian rhythms of physiology and behaviour. Neurons within the SCN express both classical and neuropeptide transmitters which regulate clock functions. Cholecyctokinin (CCK) is a potent neurotransmitter expressed in neurons of the mammalian SCN, but its role in circadian timing is not known. In the present study, CCK was demonstrated in a distinct population of neurons located in the shell region of the SCN and in a few cells in the core region. The CCK neurons did not express vasopressin or vasoactive intestinal peptide. However, CCK-containing processes make synaptic contacts with both groups of neurons and some CCK cell bodies were innervated by VIPergic neurons. The CCK neurons received no direct input from the three major pathways to the SCN, and the CCK neurons were not light-responsive as evaluated by induction of cFOS, and did not express the core clock protein PER1. Accordingly, CCK-deficient mice showed normal entrainment and had similar τ, light-induced phase shift and negative masking behaviour as wild-type animals. In conclusion, CCK signalling seems not to be involved directly in light-induced resetting of the clock or in regulating core clock function. The expression of CCK in a subpopulation of neurons, which do not belonging to either the VIP or AVP cells but which have synaptic contacts to both cell types and reverse innervation of CCK neurons from VIP neurons, suggests that the CCK neurons may act in non-photic regulation within the clock and/or, via CCK projections, mediate clock information to hypothalamic nuclei.

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Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in the rat retina

Cited by 11 publications

References 62 publications

All Spiking, Sustained ON Displaced Amacrine Cells Receive Gap-Junction Input from Melanopsin Ganglion Cells

All Spiking, Sustained ON Displaced Amacrine Cells Receive Gap-Junction Input from Melanopsin Ganglion Cells

Molecular identification of sixty-three amacrine cell types completes a mouse retinal cell atlas

Cholecystokinin (CCK)‐expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: innervation, light responsiveness and entrainment in CCK‐deficient mice

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