Choline Chloride Urea Effect on Liquid–Liquid Equilibria of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural–Water–Organic Solvent Systems in the Absence and Presence of Sodium Chloride

Abstract

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) has demonstrated its ability to improve the yield and selectivity in the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) production process. Liquid−liquid extraction is a beneficial process in HMF production to recover HMF from the reaction medium. In the present study, the effect of DES (choline chloride urea) on the liquid−liquid equilibria (LLE) of HMF−water−organic solvent (methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) or 2pentanol) systems in the absence and presence of sodium chloride (NaCl) was investigated at 313.15 K and atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa). The tie-lines of the multicomponent systems were measured using several analytical methods. According to the experimental results, the extraction performance decreased with an increase in DES concentration. However, the addition of 10 wt % NaCl into the HMF aqueous DES solution can induce stronger liquid− liquid phase splitting, enhancing the separation factors and distribution coefficients of HMF by around 2.7 and 1.6 times, respectively. Additionally, MIBK showed better extraction performance in the presence of DES and NaCl with the separation factors 2.6 times higher than those of 2-pentanol and the HMF distribution coefficients above 1.8. The LLE of the multicomponent systems were correlated well with the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model.

Fructose Effect on the Extraction Performance of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Aqueous 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate or Choline Chloride Urea Solution with the Aid of Sodium Chloride Using the Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Solvent

“…The effect of fructose on the extraction performance of HMF in the water−[EMIM][BF 4 ] or ChCl−urea−NaCl solution using the MIBK solvent can also be seen in Figure 3 by comparing with the LLE systems in the absence of fructose. 23,24 It indicates that fructose has a minimal effect on the separation factor and the HMF distribution coefficient. In the LLE system using [EMIM][BF 4 ], the separation factors decrease by around 1.1 times.…”

“…Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) was used as the selective extraction solvent for HMF extraction. 23, 24 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF 4 ]) and choline chloride urea (ChCl−urea), which are the hydrophilic IL and DES, were also applied in this work, respectively. The extraction performance was evaluated based on the values of the separation factor and the HMF distribution coefficient, which were obtained from the LLE data.…”

Effect of EPPS Buffer on the Liquid–Liquid Equilibria of Carboxylic Acids (Acetic Acid or Propionic Acid)–Water–Methyl Isobutyl Ketone at Elevated Temperatures

“…Recently, many studies have investigated liquid–liquid extraction for various kinds of multicomponent systems such as carboxylic acid–organic solvent–water. − Organic solvents are noxious for the biological product, and thus organic solvents may be used as a good extraction agent for carboxylic acid separation from aqueous fermentation solutions. In this study, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) was used as a good extraction solvent, which has limited solubility in water and may interact well with carboxylic acid molecules. Furthermore, the extraction performance is evaluated based on the separation factor and distribution coefficient, which are determined from liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data.…”

“…Furthermore, the extraction performance is evaluated based on the separation factor and distribution coefficient, which are determined from liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data. In the liquid–liquid extraction process, not only a high distribution coefficient of solute is required but also a high separation factor is essential to decrease the amount of water extracted . Several studies indicated that the distribution coefficient of carboxylic acids and the separation factor is improved by introducing a certain amount of salt into the aqueous solution. − In the process of salting out, the high concentration of salts results in the rusting of equipment.…”

A Comparative Study of Paper-Based Microfluidic (Μpad) Miniaturization

“…Currently, many different types of paper such as filter, chromatography paper, bioactive paper have adopted the developing of paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) [5]. Filter and chromatography paper (Whatman) are widely used as paperbased microfluidics due to their characteristics such as pore size, thickness, surface area and porosity, though some investigators also explored other unconventional paper types and their chemically modified grades [6][7][8]. The first paper-based microfluidic that was patterned using photolithography technique was developed by Martinez et al, 2007 for bioassay application.…”