Deep eutectic solvent (DES) has demonstrated its ability to improve the yield and selectivity in the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) production process. Liquid−liquid extraction is a beneficial process in HMF production to recover HMF from the reaction medium. In the present study, the effect of DES (choline chloride urea) on the liquid−liquid equilibria (LLE) of HMF−water−organic solvent (methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) or 2pentanol) systems in the absence and presence of sodium chloride (NaCl) was investigated at 313.15 K and atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa). The tie-lines of the multicomponent systems were measured using several analytical methods. According to the experimental results, the extraction performance decreased with an increase in DES concentration. However, the addition of 10 wt % NaCl into the HMF aqueous DES solution can induce stronger liquid− liquid phase splitting, enhancing the separation factors and distribution coefficients of HMF by around 2.7 and 1.6 times, respectively. Additionally, MIBK showed better extraction performance in the presence of DES and NaCl with the separation factors 2.6 times higher than those of 2-pentanol and the HMF distribution coefficients above 1.8. The LLE of the multicomponent systems were correlated well with the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model.

A greener route to synthesize mesoporous copper–gallic acid metal–organic framework (CuGA MOF) than the conventional method using harmful DMF solvent was proposed in this study. Various synthesis attempts were conducted by modifying the synthesis conditions to produce CuGA MOF with comparable physical properties to a reference material (DMF-synthesized CuGA NMOF). The independent variables investigated include the molar ratio of NaOH to GA (1.1 to 4.4) and the synthesis temperature (30, 60, 90 °C). It was found that proper NaOH addition was crucial for suppressing the generation of copper oxide while maximizing the formation of CuGA MOF. On the other hand, the reaction temperature mainly affected the stability and adsorption potential of CuGA MOF. Reacting Cu, GA, and NaOH at a molar ratio of 1:1:2.2 and a temperature of 90 °C, produced mesoporous MOF (CuGA 90–2.2) with a surface area of 198.22 m2/g, a pore diameter of 8.6 nm, and a thermal stability of 219 °C. This MOF exhibited an excellent adsorption capacity for the removal of methylene blue (124.64 mg/g) and congo red (344.54 mg/g). The potential usage of CuGA 90–2.2 as a reusable adsorbent was demonstrated by its high adsorption efficiency (> 90%) after 5 adsorption–desorption cycles.

Recently, edible oil has been employed for biodiesel feedstocks. However, the use of such oil to fulfil energy demand raises certain problems, such as the sustainability of the practice due to its competition with food. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain alternative resources from non-edible oil. One promising biodiesel feedstock from a non-edible oil source is crude Calophyllum inophyllum oil (CCIO) because of its high oil content. The highest oil content in CCIO is triglyceride (TG), which influences biodiesel production. The higher content of TG results in a higher yield of biodiesel. Previous research on the conversion of CCIO into biodiesel with an environmentally friendly purification method and fast separation of compounds is limited. In this work, batchwise solvent extraction (BSE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were compared to achieve an effective and efficient method for TG purification. By using the microwave method with 450 watts of power for 30 minutes, a high content of TG was obtained. It was found that TG content increased significantly, from 75.99% to 83.46%. Using the BSE method with a mixture of petroleum ether−methanol (methanol 25%), a solvent-to-oil mass ratio of 5:1, time for the first 2 stages (48 hours), the TG content obtained was 82.02%. The data obtained for the microwave method are almost equivalent to the first 2 stages of BSE with regard to TG content (83.46% compared to 82.02%) and almost 0.01 times shorter than BSE (30 minutes compared to 48 hours).

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Beluntas (Pluchea Indica L.) yang biasa digunakan sebagai astringent dan antipiretik memiliki potensi yang tinggi sebagai bahan baku produksi minyak atsiri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengoptimalkan solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) dari daun beluntas menggunakan response surface metodology (RSM). Desain Box-Behnken dengan variasi waktu ekstraksi (60-120 menit), rasio bahan/labu distilat (0,06-0,1 g/ml), dan daya pemanas (150-450 Watt) digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan produksi minyak atsiri. Faktor rasio bahan/penyuling memiliki pengaruh signifikan paling tinggi terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri (P<0,05). Rendemen minyak atsiri meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya daya pemanasan minyak dan waktu ekstraksi, dan sebaliknya. Di sisi lain, peningkatan rasio bahan/labu distilat memberikan dampak negatif terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri. Hasil minyak atsiri maksimum menggunakan metode SFME sebesar 0,2728 b/b% diperoleh untuk kondisi optimal waktu ekstraksi 90 menit, daya pemanasan 450 W, dan rasio bahan/labu distilat 0,06.Beluntas (Pluchea Indica L.) which commonly used as astringent and antipyretic has a high potential for the feedstock of essential oil production. The objective of this work is to optimize solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of Beluntas leaves by using response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Behnken Design with the variations of extraction time (60-120 min), feed/distiller ratio (0.06-0.1 g/ml), and heating power (150-450 W) was utilized to optimize essential oil yield. The feed/distiller ratio factor had the highest significant effect on the essential oil yield (P<0.05). Essential oil yield increased as the increase of oil heating power and time extraction, and vice versa. On the other hand, the increase in the feed/distiller ratio gave a negative impact on the essential oil yield. The maximum essential oil yield using SFME method of 0.2728 b/b% was obtained for the optimized condition of extraction time of 90 min, microwave heating power of 450 W, and feed/distiller ratio of 0.06.