Comparative Study of Batchwise Solvent Extraction and the Microwave Assisted Extraction Method for the Purification of Triglyceride for Biodiesel Feedstock from Crude Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil (CCIO)

Abstract

Recently, edible oil has been employed for biodiesel feedstocks. However, the use of such oil to fulfil energy demand raises certain problems, such as the sustainability of the practice due to its competition with food. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain alternative resources from non-edible oil. One promising biodiesel feedstock from a non-edible oil source is crude Calophyllum inophyllum oil (CCIO) because of its high oil content. The highest oil content in CCIO is triglyceride (TG), which influences biodiesel production. The higher content of TG results in a higher yield of biodiesel. Previous research on the conversion of CCIO into biodiesel with an environmentally friendly purification method and fast separation of compounds is limited. In this work, batchwise solvent extraction (BSE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were compared to achieve an effective and efficient method for TG purification. By using the microwave method with 450 watts of power for 30 minutes, a high content of TG was obtained. It was found that TG content increased significantly, from 75.99% to 83.46%. Using the BSE method with a mixture of petroleum ether−methanol (methanol 25%), a solvent-to-oil mass ratio of 5:1, time for the first 2 stages (48 hours), the TG content obtained was 82.02%. The data obtained for the microwave method are almost equivalent to the first 2 stages of BSE with regard to TG content (83.46% compared to 82.02%) and almost 0.01 times shorter than BSE (30 minutes compared to 48 hours).

Optimization and kinetic study of biodiesel production from nyamplung oil with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique

“…Esterification reaction is the name given to the kinetic process occurring in the microwave FFA reduction system. The high TG level in the C. inophyllum oil is made possible by the lowering of FFA content ( Aparamarta et al., 2019a ). Excessive methanol is assumed to be the cause of this reaction for irreversible purposes.…”

“…FFA and TG were separated using a multi-stage batchwise solvent extraction (BSE) technique by Aparamarta et al. (2019a) , which produced a product with FFA and TG levels of 0.35 percent and 98.53 percent, respectively.…”

“…The fatty acid composition of C. inophyllum oil changes as a result of the microwave energy since it can lead to hydrocracking, dehydrogenation, and cracking ( Beneroso et al., 2017 ). Aparamarta et al. (2019a) separated TG and FFA using an MAE approach, resulting in a TG content of 83.46 percent and an FFA content of 7.5 percent.…”

“…FFA and TG were separated using a multi-stage batchwise solvent extraction (BSE) technique by Aparamarta et al (2019a), which produced a product with FFA and TG levels of 0.35 percent and 98.53 percent, respectively. The product complied with both domestic and international feedstock requirements for biodiesel production.…”

Use of Crude Glycerol for Glycerolysis of Free Fatty Acids in Crude Palm Oil

“…The presence of FFA in oil can cause side reactions through alkaline-catalyzed transesterification to form soaps and prohibit ester product and glycerol separation. As a result, the quantity and quality of biodiesel obtained will be reduced if it does not use an appropriate production process (Aparamarta et al, 2019). Esterification is generally the initial treatment of raw materials with high FFA content and is carried out before transesterification.…”