Cholinergic Mechanisms and Aversively Motivated Behaviors

Bignami, Giorgio; Michałek, Hanna

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2394-5_4

Cited by 26 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 303 publications

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“…Consistent with the lack of effect of IL-2 in an open-field habituation test, exploratory behavior in the free-running Y maze was not affected by the cytokine treatment in terms of either spontaneous-alternation responses or the total number of arm entries emitted (see Table 5). In effect, the habituation patterns were unaltered by IL-2, even though this cytokine has been reported to influence central ACh (Hanisch & Quirion, 1996), a transmitter known to affect habituation processes (Bignami & Michalek, 1978).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of acute and repeated interleukin-2 administration on spatial learning, locomotor activity, exploratory behaviors, and anxiety.

Lacosta¹,

Merali²,

Anisman³

1999

Behavioral Neuroscience

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Interleukin-2 (IL-2), released from activated T cells, influences central neurochemical functioning, and IL-2 immunotherapy in cancer patients may provoke neuropsychiatric and cognitive disturbances. In this study, acute, systemic IL-2 did not influence Morris water-maze performance in mice. In contrast, chronic IL-2 impaired performance when the position of the escape platform varied over days but was without effect when the platform position was fixed. These effects could not be attributed to illness, because IL-1beta, which induces marked malaise, did not influence water-maze performance. Chronic IL-2 produced modest reductions in exploration and approach to a novel stimulus, effects not seen after acute treatment, but did not influence spontaneous alternation performance or behavior in an elevated plus-maze test. Thus, repeated IL-2 may influence spatial working memory without affecting habituation/ attentional processes or anxiety.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of acute and repeated interleukin-2 administration on spatial learning, locomotor activity, exploratory behaviors, and anxiety.

Lacosta¹,

Merali²,

Anisman³

1999

Behavioral Neuroscience

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“…The effects of nicotine are largely independent of the schedule of reinforcement (FR, FI, VR, VI: Pradhan 1970; Risner et al 1985), and also occur in periods of"time out" (Pradhan 1970;Clarke and Kumar 1983b). They are not restricted to lever press behaviour, since conditioned ambulatory responses, whether for brain stimulation or shock avoidance, are affected in a comparable fashion (Bignami and Michalek 1978;Clarke and Kumar 1983b).…”

Section: Operant Responding and Conditioned Avoidance/behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine and smoking: a perspective from animal studies

Clarke

1987

Psychopharmacology

131

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Nicotine plays a key role in reinforcing tobacco smoking, and exerts several psychoneuropharmacological actions which may contribute to its reinforcing effects. Thus, nicotine can improve mood and alleviate withdrawal symptoms; it can also alter CNS arousal, reduce stress, suppress appetite, and improve performance on certain tasks. Behavioural studies in animals have tended to corroborate existing theories of smoking behaviour, and have started to suggest how and where nicotine may exert its central actions in man. Clinical evidence suggests that smoking cessation would be facilitated by the administration of a nicotinic antagonist having a selective action on central nicotinic cholinoceptors of the C6 (ganglionic) type. Pharmacological studies in animals indicate that such a drug is a reasonable prospect.

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“…In non-tolerant rats trained to press a lever to obtain rewarding electrical brain stimulation, nicotine depresses responding shortly after systemic injection of large doses, especially if the baseline rate of responding is high, whereas responding is generally stimulated at longer intervals after injection and if the baseline rate is low (Pradhan and Bowling 1971 ;Olds and Domino 1969a, b;Wanner and B/ittig 1966). Similar principles apply over a range of behaviours, such as responding for food or water (Morrison 1967;Stitzer et 1970), avoidance responding (Bignami and Michalek 1978), and locomotor activity (Morrison and Lee 1968;Clarke and Kumar 1982). It is therefore necessary to determine whether the drug alters the reward Strength of the electrical stimulation per se; a drug may produce nonspecific alterations of responding either by acting independently of the electrical stimulation, or by interacting with a consequence of the electrical stimulation (such as motor disturbance) which affects responding without impinging on central reward processes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Nicotine does not improve discrimination of brain stimulation reward by rats

Clarke

Kumar

1983

Psychopharmacology

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Rats were trained to shuttle between two selected ("ON") arms of a Y maze, to obtain electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. Each shuttle response was rewarded with a brief pulse train. Repetitive entries into the same "ON" arm were not rewarded, nor were entries made into the third ("OFF") arm. Every 67s, stimulation was made available from a different pair of arms. Test sessions lasted for 80 min, beginning immediately after SC injection. Undrugged subjects responded faster, and with a greater proportion of rewarded responses, the higher the stimulation current. In non-tolerant rats, nicotine (0-0.4 mg/kg) depressed responding and induced ataxia shortly after injection; from 40 min, nicotine increased low rates of responding but decreased high rates. All these effects were dose-dependent. Mecamylamine (2.0 mg/kg) prevented the initial depressant action. With repeated daily injections of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg), a marked stimulant action emerged which replaced the initial depressant action, and this was dose-dependent. However, responding was increased by nicotine even when brain stimulation was not available ("time-out"). In contrast, an additional "rate-free" index based on discrimination showed that nicotine did not augment the rewarding properties of the brain stimulation.

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Cholinergic Mechanisms and Aversively Motivated Behaviors

Cited by 26 publications

References 303 publications

Influence of acute and repeated interleukin-2 administration on spatial learning, locomotor activity, exploratory behaviors, and anxiety.

Influence of acute and repeated interleukin-2 administration on spatial learning, locomotor activity, exploratory behaviors, and anxiety.

Nicotine and smoking: a perspective from animal studies

Nicotine does not improve discrimination of brain stimulation reward by rats

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