Cholinesterase Inhibitors Used for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is defined as a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that has lately become the top reason for dementia in the elderly population (usually above 60-65 years). As mentioned before, most AD cases are sporadic and have a late onset. This disease is characterized by impairment of higher cognitive functions like deficits in memory, language comprehension, coordination, etc. The primary pathophysiology behind Alzheimer’s disease is loss of cholinergic innervation due to the formation of neuritic (senile) amyloid-beta plaques and tau protein-containing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in parts of the brain associated with memory functions. These neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid β plaques can cause the induction of other aetiologies of Alzhedisease-likes like neuroinflammation and central hyperexcitability. The brain's main regions affected by Alzheimer’s disease are the neocortex, the basal nucleus of Meynert, and the hippocampus. These areas are associated with higher cognitive functions like memory, arousal, attention, sensory processing, etc. Thus, cholinesterase inhibitors have been widely used as first-line drug therapy for symptomatic relief in Alzheimer’s disease. They function by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase or catabolizing it and henceforth enhancing synaptic availability of Acetylcholine. The commonly prescribed drugs of this class include donepezil, galantamine, physostigmine, metrifonate, and rivastigmine. This article will discuss the widely used cholinesterase inhibitors (old & new) for managing AD symptoms in detail.

Novel Organoruthenium(II) Complex C1 Selectively Inhibits Butyrylcholinesterase without Side Effects on Neuromuscular Transmission

“…Cholinesterase inhibitors slow down or completely inhibit the activity of ChE and subsequently the degradation of acetylcholine to acetate and choline. This prolongs the availability and duration of action of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft [23,24]. Until today, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) have approved only four ChE inhibitors: tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine [25].…”