Some malignancies have very few technologies available for screening, and advancements in cancer therapy have not been as effective in lowering death as those for other chronic diseases. The major method for decreasing cancer incidence is primary avoidance through dietary and environmental changes. The potentially reversible risk factors were projected to be responsible for cancer-related mortality worldwide. Of these fatalities, many of the cases occurred in high-income nations, whereas very few cases did so in lowand middle-income countries. Risk factors in Europe and Central Asia were responsible for the majority of cancer mortality in low-and middle-income regions. Smoking, drinking alcohol, and eating few fruits and vegetables were some of the primary factors that contributed to cancer mortality both globally and in lowand middle-income countries. In high-income countries, alcohol consumption, smoking, and obesity were the main cancer-causing factors. The sexual transmission of the human papillomavirus is one of the leading risk factors for cervical cancer in women in low-and middle-income countries.

Background: Since the time of stone age herbs in its natural forms are used for a variety of medicinal purposes including the treatment of pain. Research in herbal medicine is in a relatively early phase. Herbal approaches usually have been pursued because of the perception that these therapies are gentler and cause fewer side effects than allopathic treatment. The aim was to evaluate and compare the analgesic activity of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris in wistar rats.Methods: Wistar rats and hot plate method was used for this study. Control group (Group A) of 6 animals was given normal saline. Group B of 6 animals was given standard analgesic drug, aspirin (200mg/kg body weight). Group C of 6 rats was given REO at 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg body weight on day 1, 2, 3 and 4 while Group D of 6 animals was given TEO at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body wt. The analgesic activity of REO and TEO in terms of Response Time were noted and depicted in tabular form.Results: Results were analyzed by one-way-Anova and Tukey tests. Analgesic effect of Rosemary oil found to be statistically significant at all four doses, 100, 200, 300 and 400mg/kg body wt compared to control group. TEO was found significantly analgesic at 100 and 200mg/kg body wt compared to control group but at 300mg/kg body it was found lethal. REO was found superior.Conclusions: Analgesic effect of REO and TEO was not comparable to aspirin even at higher concentration like 400mg/kg (REO) but it was significantly more compare to control group.

Background: This study was undertaken to investigate and compare the antimicrobial effect of Onion bulbs (Allium cepa) and cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) against some common bacteria causing Urinary tract infection.Methods: Antimicrobial activity of the plant extract in different concentrations was observed. Commonly isolated bacteria from the urine samples of suspected and untreated patients which were found to be E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Results: The comparison between zones of inhibition showed a statistically significant data of both Allium cpea and Cinnamomum zeylanicum. The antimicrobial activity of cinnamon extract showed the maximum effect against Klebsiella pneumoniae, zone of inhibition 25.50 mm±3.72 with 2±l of extract and E. coli with zone of inhibition 11.72mm±1.86. The onion (Allium cepa) extract exhibited some antimicrobial effect, it was most effective against E. coli, though the effect was minimal.Conclusions: From the current study we conclude that the extract of onion and cinnamon bark are promising but were not as effective as the conventional antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin but can be a good alternative in selected group of patient.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is defined as a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that has lately become the top reason for dementia in the elderly population (usually above 60-65 years). As mentioned before, most AD cases are sporadic and have a late onset. This disease is characterized by impairment of higher cognitive functions like deficits in memory, language comprehension, coordination, etc. The primary pathophysiology behind Alzheimer’s disease is loss of cholinergic innervation due to the formation of neuritic (senile) amyloid-beta plaques and tau protein-containing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in parts of the brain associated with memory functions. These neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid β plaques can cause the induction of other aetiologies of Alzhedisease-likes like neuroinflammation and central hyperexcitability. The brain's main regions affected by Alzheimer’s disease are the neocortex, the basal nucleus of Meynert, and the hippocampus. These areas are associated with higher cognitive functions like memory, arousal, attention, sensory processing, etc. Thus, cholinesterase inhibitors have been widely used as first-line drug therapy for symptomatic relief in Alzheimer’s disease. They function by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase or catabolizing it and henceforth enhancing synaptic availability of Acetylcholine. The commonly prescribed drugs of this class include donepezil, galantamine, physostigmine, metrifonate, and rivastigmine. This article will discuss the widely used cholinesterase inhibitors (old & new) for managing AD symptoms in detail.