Chromatophore Motor Fields in the Squid, <i>Lolliguncula Brevis</i>

Ferguson, G. P.; Martini, F. M.; Pinsker, H. M.

doi:10.1242/jeb.134.1.281

Cited by 12 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

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“…The brief, intense light stimulus activates the central nervous system (CNS) at the magnocellular and palliovisceral lobes, which relay information to the stellate ganglia to modulate forceful muscle contractions of the mantle expelling water through the funnel in the process (Otis and Gilly, 1990;Gilly et al, 1991;Gilly and Lucero, 1992;Neumeister et al, 2000;Preuss and Gilly, 2000). Within the stellar nerve, a group of non-giant motor axons innervates chromatophore muscles (Ferguson et al, 1988). In one of these studies (Neumeister et al, 2000), which investigated the effects of temperature on escape responses in restrained squid, the flash stimulus produced transient chromatophore expansions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the Speed of Chromatophore Activity at the Single-Organ Level in Response to a Visual Startle Stimulus in Living, Intact Squid

et al. 2021

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The speed of adaptive body patterning in coleoid cephalopods is unmatched in the natural world. While the literature frequently reports their remarkable ability to change coloration significantly faster than other species, there is limited research on the temporal dynamics of rapid chromatophore coordination underlying body patterning in living, intact animals. In this exploratory pilot study, we aimed to measure chromatophore activity in response to a light flash stimulus in seven squid, Doryteuthis pealeii. We video-recorded the head/arms, mantle, and fin when squid were presented with a light flash startle stimulus. Individual chromatophores were detected and tracked over time using image analysis. We assessed baseline and response chromatophore surface area parameters before and after flash stimulation, respectively. Using change-point analysis, we identified 4,065 chromatophores from 185 trials with significant surface area changes elicited by the flash stimulus. We defined the temporal dynamics of chromatophore activity to flash stimulation as the latency, duration, and magnitude of surface area changes (expansion or retraction) following the flash presentation. Post stimulation, the response’s mean latency was at 50 ms (± 16.67 ms), for expansion and retraction, across all body regions. The response duration ranged from 217 ms (fin, retraction) to 384 ms (heads/arms, expansion). While chromatophore expansions had a mean surface area increase of 155.06%, the retractions only caused a mean reduction of 40.46%. Collectively, the methods and results described contribute to our understanding of how cephalopods can employ thousands of chromatophore organs in milliseconds to achieve rapid, dynamic body patterning.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the Speed of Chromatophore Activity at the Single-Organ Level in Response to a Visual Startle Stimulus in Living, Intact Squid

et al. 2021

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Through the Looking-Glass of Cephalopod Colour Patterns

Packard¹

1995

Behavioural Brain Research in Naturalistic and Semi-Naturalistic Settings

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Physiological color change in squid iridophores

et al. 1990

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Cephalopods generally are thought to have only static iridophores, but this report provides qualitative and quantitative evidence for active control of certain iridescent cells in the dermis of the squid Lolliguncula brevis. In vivo observations indicate the expression of iridescence to be linked to agonistic or reproductive behavior. The neuromodulator acetylcholine (ACh) induced dramatic opitcla changes in active iridophores in vitro, whereas ACh had little effect on passive iridophores elsewhere in the mantle skin. Bath application of physiological concentrations of ACh (10(-7)M to 10(-6)M) to excised dermal skin layers transformed the active iridophores from a non-reflective diffuse blue to brightly iridescent colors, and this reaction was reversible and repeatable. The speed of change to iridescent in vitro corresponded well to the speed of changes in the living animal. Pharmacological results indicate the presence of muscarinic receptors in this system and that Ca++ is a mediator for the observed changes. Although ACh is present in physiological quantities in the dermal iridophore layer, it is possible that ACh release is not controlled directly by the nervous system because electrophysiological stimulation of major nerves in the periphery resulted in no iridescence in L. brevis; nor did silver staining or transmission electron microscopy reveal neuronal elements in the iridophore layer. Thus, active iridophores may be controlled by ACh acting as a hormone.

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Chromatophore Motor Fields in the Squid, Lolliguncula Brevis

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Quantifying the Speed of Chromatophore Activity at the Single-Organ Level in Response to a Visual Startle Stimulus in Living, Intact Squid

Quantifying the Speed of Chromatophore Activity at the Single-Organ Level in Response to a Visual Startle Stimulus in Living, Intact Squid

Through the Looking-Glass of Cephalopod Colour Patterns

Physiological color change in squid iridophores

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