2022
DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.12.3993
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Chromium as a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract: Background: Chromium (Cr) is a transition metal, natural element. Chromium is the 21st most abundant element in Earth's crust. Cr is found in soil, rocks and living organisms. It may have various oxidation states, from -2 to +6, but most of these states are too unstable to exist in any significant quantities. The purpose of this review and meta-analysis is to critically assess the scientific evidence on the carcinogenic effects of chromium (Cr) and to determine whether there is currently sufficient evidence to… Show more

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Cited by 6 publications
(12 citation statements)
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“…Heavy metal contamination in the environment (such as air, soil, and groundwater) has been a serious concern for animal husbandry and food safety, which affect the living organisms health by perturbing gut microbiota or metabolism ( 16 ). Hexavalent chromium is considered a hazardous metal contaminant, and there is increasing evidence that hexavalent chromium can cause cancer, tumor development, gastrointestinal disorders, and liver damage ( 3 , 16 , 17 ). The Cr (VI) promotes the formation of active oxygen forms (AFCs), followed by cellular damage ( 3 , 18 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Heavy metal contamination in the environment (such as air, soil, and groundwater) has been a serious concern for animal husbandry and food safety, which affect the living organisms health by perturbing gut microbiota or metabolism ( 16 ). Hexavalent chromium is considered a hazardous metal contaminant, and there is increasing evidence that hexavalent chromium can cause cancer, tumor development, gastrointestinal disorders, and liver damage ( 3 , 16 , 17 ). The Cr (VI) promotes the formation of active oxygen forms (AFCs), followed by cellular damage ( 3 , 18 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The deposition and proliferation of heavy metals have seriously affected the ecosystem ( 1 , 2 ). Chromium is the most abundant and natural element present in rocks, soil and living things ( 3 ). Chromium has various oxidation states from −2 to +6 ( 3 ), of which Cr (VI) is widely used in industrial production such as pigments, metallurgy, plastics, and chromite.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Cr is an important metal in pigment manufacturing, painting, metal plating, wood treating, and leather tanning, and it is used in metallurgy and refractory material production, among various other applications [ 5 ]. Cr is abundant in the Earth’s crust, in which it occurs at a level of 100 μg/g, and its toxicity depends on its chemical state [ 6 , 7 ]. Its two most prevalent oxidation forms are trivalent and hexavalent, but whereas trivalent Cr is largely non-toxic, hexavalent Cr is toxic and carcinogenic in living organisms.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%