Chromium

Aitio, Antero; Järvisalo, Jorma; Kiilunen, Mirja; Kalliomäki, Pirkko-Liisa; Kalliomäki, K.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0961-1_15

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In the same study, the authors reported that the amount of total chromium extracted from chromite-ore processing residue into sweat was 0.2% or less (range 0.06-0.20%) at concentrations as high as 6600 ppm total chromium (Sheehan and Bono, 1990). Other studies have reported virtually no dermal absorption of chromium (Aitio et al, 1984(Aitio et al, , 1988. Based on these studies, dermal absorption of Cr(VI) from Hudson County soils has been estimated to be less than 1% .…”

Section: Oral Bioavailability Of Cr(lll) and Cr(vi)mentioning

confidence: 86%

Designing a biological monitoring program to assess community exposure to chromium: Conclusions of an expert panel

Anderson¹,

Colton²,

Doull³

et al. 1993

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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The possible benefits of biological monitoring of large groups of people potentially exposed to environmental contaminants has become an area of much interest in recent years. Because chromite-ore processing residue has been found in some soils in northern New Jersey, urinary chromium monitoring of people in the community was evaluated as a potentially useful tool. In an attempt to identify those who could be exposed and to quantify the magnitude of exposure to the chromium in these soils, the New Jersey Department of Health (NJDOH) initiated a public health screening project. In 1992, the NJDOH proposed to evaluate over 4000 people who lived or worked near these sites. Volunteers were administered a questionnaire and were given a limited physical examination, and a single spot urine sample was collected. Because of the difficulties in using urinary chromium to assess low-level exposure and the potential implications of any regulatory decisions that could be based on the results of this project, a panel of experts was convened to evaluate the protocol. The panel consisted of five scientists and physicians with expertise in toxicology, dermatology, epidemiology, biological monitoring, and analytical chemistry. Like a World Health Organization group, the panel concluded that although urine biomonitoring can be useful in evaluating high levels of exposure to chromium, it is not reliable for assessing low-level exposure similar to that which may have occurred in northern New Jersey. The panel also noted that when urinary biomonitoring is to be used to assess the public's possible exposure, a large number of precautions must be taken to ensure the accuracy and usefulness of the results. The single most important recommendation was to collect a second, and perhaps a third, spot urine (or 24-h urine) sample before concluding that a person may be routinely overexposed. These suggestions are applicable to designing a biomonitoring program for nearly any environmental contaminant to which a community may be exposed. A review of scientific literature associated with biological monitoring of chromium is provided.

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Section: Oral Bioavailability Of Cr(lll) and Cr(vi)mentioning

confidence: 86%

Designing a biological monitoring program to assess community exposure to chromium: Conclusions of an expert panel

Anderson¹,

Colton²,

Doull³

et al. 1993

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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“…Clearance is faster after exposure to sodium chromate than after exposure to lead or zinc chromate or chromic chloride. Water-soluble salts of Cr(VI) are absorbed faster than the water-soluble salts of Cr(IH) (e.g., chromic chloride hexahydrate) (160 (133). A component with long residence time in deep body compartments is responsible for the more than 10 times higher chromium concentrations in autopsy specimens ofoccupationally exposed persons compared with controls.…”

Section: Kinetic Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After an IV dose of 1 mg/kg sodium chromate (VI) to rats, no hexavalent chromium was detected in blood 1 min later (160). Reduction takes place at any intracellular site where electron donors are present, but the primary site of reduction is the mitochondrion, where the reduction is enzyme catalyzed and NADH-NADPH dependent (136,153 …”

Section: Kinetic Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological and experimental aspects of metal carcinogenesis: physicochemical properties, kinetics, and the active species.

Magós

1991

Environ Health Perspect

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The carcinogenic properties ofselected metals and their compounds are reviewed to provide a useful reference for existing knowedge on relationships between physical and chemical forms, kinetics and carcnogenic potental and between epqiemiology, bioassays, and short-term testL Exteive consideation is given to arsenic, berl, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel. Other metas such as antimony, cobalt, copper, iron, man selnium, and zinc are discussed briefly.

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“…The positive results reported by Bigaliev et al (52) and Azhajev (53) on workers engaged in chrome production has not been confirmed, however, by Husgafvel-Pursiainen et al (54) and Littorin et al (55) for stainless-steel manual metal arc welders exposed to fumes containing chromium (III) and nickel. In the study of Littorin et al (55), the mean exposure time was 19 years, the air chromium level averaged 81 pLg/m3 at the time of exposure, and the urinary chromium was 47 ,umole/mole creatinine, but, in spite of the high level of exposure, the yields of structural chromosome aberrations and of micronuclei or sister chromatid exchanges were not significantly different from the values found in the matched controls. In the three studies, structural chromosome aberrations were observed after a culture time of 72 hr, and the number of cells examined was relatively low.…”

Section: Chromiummentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced to trivalent chromium. The Cr3+ ion trapped intracellularly can then react with target molecules and in particular with DNA (47). Since the first cases of lung cancers among workers in chromate-producing industry reported around the 1930s, several epidemiological surveys confirmed the existence of an increased risk of lung cancer in chromate-production workers and, to a lesser extent, in workers from the chrome-pigment industry.…”

Section: Chromiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomonitoring Exposure to Metal Compounds with Carcinogenic Properties

Léonard¹,

Bernard²

1993

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Several metals such as arsenic, beryllium, chromium and nickel are carcinogenic to man when they occur in certain well-defined physicochemical forms. The carcinogenic potential of these metals is linked to their mutagenic properties. The determination ofthe metal or possibly of its metabolites in biological media and the cytogenetic examination of somatic cells are two methods that can currently be used to monitor exposure of populations at risk. Due to the use of inappropriate methodology, the value of the positive cytogenetic results published so far appears questionable. By contrast, the concentrations of metals in blood, urine, or other biological materials can be determined with accurate and precise methods. Although it does not permit a direct assessment of the carcinogenic risk, this approach is currently the most suitable for monitoring exposed populations. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity of Metal SaltsThere is clear evidence that arsenic, beryllium, chromium, and nickel, when present in certain well defined physicochemical forms, represent a carcinogenic hazard to man. Earlier observations of cadmium carcinogenicity were not sustained by the recent updates of cohorts. To varying degrees, the epidemiological findings have been duplicated by positive results in laboratory animals but, if we except the case of arsenic, metal carcinogenesis is not a problem of environmental contamination at trace levels but is relevant to occupational medicine (1).From the results of the several hundreds short-term tests performed to assess the carcinogenic properties of metal salts on the basis of mutagenicity (2) significant reversion in the Ames test, although they produce forward mutations in mammalian somatic cells or in some bacteria, i.e., resistance to antibiotics or other detectable mutations that can be positively selected.As far as mechanisms are concerned, forward mutations may be caused by unrepaired or unrepairable insertions, deletions, rearrangements, or point mutations that are not detectable in the Ames test. In that respect, it is of interest to point out that the fluctuation assay is a more sensitive technique than the plate incorporation assay. This illustrates the importance of choosing a method appropriate for highly toxic substances. These assays have also demonstrated that the response obtained depends on the ability of the metal to penetrate the cell and to interact with DNA, the chemical speciation, the physical properties [oxidation state, e.g., Cr(VI) and Cr(III), As(V), and As(III); charge, solubility, crystal form, properties of ligands, complex stereochemistry] and the possible interactions with other xenobiotics are, in that respect, critical. Metals such as Ni(II) or Cd(II) may be precipitated as insoluble phosphate salts due to orthophosphate ions present in the normal bacteriological culture medium and, for this reason, may not be detected as mutagenic. Some of the variation observed in the results of the bioassays of different metal salts could, therefore, be due to differences in bioav...

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Chromium

Cited by 9 publications

References 42 publications

Designing a biological monitoring program to assess community exposure to chromium: Conclusions of an expert panel

Designing a biological monitoring program to assess community exposure to chromium: Conclusions of an expert panel

Epidemiological and experimental aspects of metal carcinogenesis: physicochemical properties, kinetics, and the active species.

Biomonitoring Exposure to Metal Compounds with Carcinogenic Properties

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