Chromium in Human Nutrition: A Review

Mertz, Walter

doi:10.1093/jn/123.4.626

Cited by 642 publications

(382 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The hypocholesterolemic effect of supplemental Cr may be related to an augmented insulin action which might have increased lipogenesis and reduced lipolysis, the result being lowered circulatory lipid concentration (Mertz, 1993;Spears, 1999). Interestingly, neither the serum level of glucose nor that of insulin was affected significantly by Cr supplementation in the present study and the average molar ratio between insulin and glucose during the trial period, which was similar across the treatment groups (P .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 43%

“…Nevertheless, when subjected to the intravenous glucose loading during the IVGTT, the Cr supplemented goats exhibited improvement in glucose utilisation which is consistent with an enhancement in insulin action. As occurs in human subjects (Mertz, 1993) these subtle changes in insulin action might have influenced lipid metabolism to elicit a hypocholesterolemic effect. Increment in serum insulin level due to Cr supplementation in goats has been reported earlier .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chromium (Cr) is an active component of the glucose tolerance factor and is important in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, presumably by potentiating the action of insulin (Anderson, 1987;Mertz, 1993). Dietary recommendation for Cr is not listed for most livestock species including goats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glucose tolerance and serum concentrations of hormones and metabolites in goats (Capra hircus) fed diets supplemented with inorganic and organic chromium salts

Haldar

Samanta

Banarjee

et al. 2007

Animal

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Adult goats (no. ¼ 18) were supplemented with chromium (Cr, 0.5 mg/kg concentrate) for 120 days as Cr chloride and Cr yeast complex and their responses in terms of glucose tolerance and serum profiles of metabolites and hormones were measured. The goats were fed 200 g/day of the concentrate and reared under a semi-intensive regimen. Cr supplementation significantly reduced serum glucose ( P ¼ 0.049) and cholesterol ( P ¼ 0.0001) levels compared with the same in the control group (calculated as % change between days 0 and 120). Serum cortisol on day 120 was lower in goats fed Cr chloride than in the control group ( P , 0.05). Overall, the mean cortisol level was lower ( P ¼ 0.001) in the goats receiving added dietary Cr. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed on the goats on day 75. The clearance rate (k) of glucose between 5 and 60 min of glucose infusion was significantly higher ( P ¼ 0.004) in the goats supplemented with Cr yeast compared with those on the control or the Cr chloride supplemented diets. The kinetic parameters as well as the k and T 1/2 responses for serum insulin during the IVGTT were not affected. The ratio between the insulin k to glucose k increased ( P ¼ 0.011) in the goats fed added dietary Cr as Cr chloride compared with the control and the Cr yeast groups. Post-prandial serum levels of glucose (diet effect P ¼ 0.038) and cholesterol (diet effect P ¼ 0.033) was lower in both the Cr supplemented groups than the control. Serum glucose during an epinephrine challenge test tended to remain elevated ( P ¼ 0.076) 2 h after epinephrine infusion in the Cr yeast group indicating a delayed return of serum glucose to the basal level. However, serum insulin and cortisol remained unaffected. Several changes in selected blood metabolites and hormone measurements were observed when Cr was added as a dietary supplement in the diet of the goats. Contrary to the generally accepted view, supplemental Cr may influence the metabolism of ruminants even in a nonstressed management regime.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 43%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glucose tolerance and serum concentrations of hormones and metabolites in goats (Capra hircus) fed diets supplemented with inorganic and organic chromium salts

Haldar

Samanta

Banarjee

et al. 2007

Animal

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“…While no strain differences were apparent for measures of glucose response at T1, it was found that glucose had a greater CR and shorter t 1 2 in NZ cows at T2. This indicates greater insulin responsiveness in the NZ cows compared to NA cows in mid-lactation, as insulin resistance is associated with slower CR, longer t 1 2 and a greater AUC for glucose at similar insulin concentrations (Mertz, 1993). Greater insulin responsiveness in the NZ cows in mid-lactation is consistent with the accumulation of more body reserves from midlactation to the end of lactation (Patton et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Responses of North American and New Zealand strains of Holstein–Friesian dairy cattle to homeostatic challenges during early and mid-lactation

Patton

Murphy

O’Mara

et al. 2009

Animal

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This study investigated the physiological basis of differences in nutrient partitioning between the North American (NA) and New Zealand (NZ) strains of Holstein-Friesian cattle by determining the responses to homeostatic challenges at two stages of lactation. Glucose tolerance tests, epinephrine challenges and insulin challenges were carried out on consecutive days commencing on day 32 6 0.48 (mean 6 s.e.) of lactation (T1) and again commencing on day 137 6 2.44 of lactation (T2). The insulin and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) responses to glucose infusion did not differ between the strains. The NZ strain had a greater clearance rate (CR) of glucose (2.04% v. 1.66%/min) and tended to have a shorter (34.4 v. 41.1 min) glucose half-life (t 1 2 ) at T2 when infused with glucose. The NA cows had a greater glucose response to epinephrine infusion across T1 and T2, and tended to have a greater insulin response to epinephrine infusion. Plasma NEFA concentration declined to similar nadir concentrations for both strains at T1 in response to insulin, though from a higher basal concentration in NA cows, resulting in a greater (22.29 v. 21.38) NEFA area under the response curve for NA cows. Glucose response to insulin varied with time, tending to be greater for NA at T1, but tending to be lower for NA at T2. The results indicated that NA cows had a greater glycogenolytic response to epinephrine, but both strains had similar lipolytic responses. The results also imply that higher basal circulating NEFA concentrations in the NA strain in early lactation were not due to diminished adipose tissue responsiveness to insulin. There were indications that glucose CR was greater in NZ cows in mid-lactation, and may form the basis of increased body tissue accretion during mid-to late-lactation in this strain.

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“…Chrom trójwartościowy zachowuje prawidłowy metabolizm glukozy poprzez jego udział w czynniku tolerancji glukozy (Glucose Tolerance Factor -GTF). Wykazano, że GTF zawiera aktywną formę trójwartościowego chromu (68). Grela i wsp.…”

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Trivalent chromium (CrIII) as a trace element essential for animals and humans

Kosla¹,

Lasocka²,

Skibniewska³

et al. 2018

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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Trivalent chromium is considered an essential element in the nutrition of both animals and humans. Animal studies confirm many beneficial effects of organic and inorganic chromium compounds on carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism in the body. Glucose tolerance factor (GTF) has been demonstrated to involve an active form of trivalent chromium, which sustains normal glucose metabolism. Cr(III) compounds form enzymes and ribonucleic acids, accelerate blood clotting and increase β-glucuronidase activity. Chromium also participates in antioxidant processes, in the synthesis of RNA and DNA and in the immune response, as well as affects secretion of hormones and some vitamins. It has been demonstrated that chromium improves lean body mass in animals, increases growth rate and feed conversion and improves feed intake and energy efficiency. Organic chromium reduces mortality and improves animal reproduction parameters. It also enhances immunity and strengthens response to preventive vaccination. It has been noted in many animal species that a diet low in chromium leads to deficiency symptoms, such as reduced feed intake, lower weight gains, reproductive disorders and increased lipid levels. Chromium deficiency can also result from stress. Moderate chromium deficiency is a risk factor of ischemic heart disease with myocardial infarction. Such a condition may pose a great risk of coronary artery disease. Dietary chromium requirement of an animal body is probably 300 μg Cr/kg d.w. of feed, which is usually satisfied by the ration provided. The highest concentration of chromium is found in the hair, skin and teeth, followed by the liver, kidneys, spleen, and slightly lower in the heart, muscles, pancreas, lungs, bones and brain. Chromium absorption rates in the human intestine range between 0.5 and 2% of the daily intake of inorganic Cr forms, and from 25 to 30% of the element ingested as organic complexes. Clinical studies show that the kinetics of chromium excretion from the system are complex and can be described by a multi-range model, the half-life ranging from 13 min to 192 days. Dietary chromium nanocomposite supplementation (CrNano) used in pigs nutrition has significantly increased Cr content in the blood, longissimus muscle, heart, liver, kidneys, jejunum and ileum. Chromium nanocomposite supplementation acts more effectively on the tissues and, as a consequence, increases the accumulation of the element. .

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Chromium in Human Nutrition: A Review

Cited by 642 publications

References 41 publications

Glucose tolerance and serum concentrations of hormones and metabolites in goats (Capra hircus) fed diets supplemented with inorganic and organic chromium salts

Glucose tolerance and serum concentrations of hormones and metabolites in goats (Capra hircus) fed diets supplemented with inorganic and organic chromium salts

Responses of North American and New Zealand strains of Holstein–Friesian dairy cattle to homeostatic challenges during early and mid-lactation

Trivalent chromium (CrIII) as a trace element essential for animals and humans

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