c-myc promoter binding protein 1 (MBP-1), initially identified from a human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell expression library, binds to the TATA box sequences of the c-myc P2 promoter and negatively regulates both human and mouse c-myc promoter activities (6,25,26). The c-myc proto-oncogene can promote cell proliferation, differentiation, and oncogenic transformation (7,36) or apoptosis under certain conditions (9, 35). Regulation of c-myc occurs at multiple levels, such as the initiation or termination of transcription and the attenuation of transcription (20,25). Recent studies have shown that MBP-1 and TATA binding protein bind simultaneously in the minor groove of the c-myc P2 promoter (6). It is possible that MBP-1 negatively regulates c-myc expression by preventing formation of a transcription initiation complex with a general transcriptional factor(s).MBP-1 is expressed ubiquitously in normal human tissues (27) and localized at human chromosome 1p35-ter (38). Ectopic expression of MBP-1 in murine fibroblasts (NIH 3T3 cells) induces massive cell death, DNA fragmentation, and reduction of c-myc expression (26). Bcl2, a cell survival gene, protects against MBP-1-mediated cell death. Complementation of exogenous deregulated c-myc (without an MBP-1 binding site) also prevents MBP-1-induced cell death. Since MBP-1 negatively regulates c-myc transcription, downregulation of endogenous c-myc expression, which is compensated for by exogenous deregulated c-myc, may be a possible mechanism of protection from apoptotic cell death (26). However, the protective role of Bcl2 in MBP-1-mediated cell death suggests the involvement of another cell regulatory factor(s) in the mediation of biological activity of MBP-1. Thus, in addition to c-myc regulation, MBP-1 appears to exert a regulatory effect on cell growth through another, unknown, mechanism. Exogenous expression of MBP-1 in human breast carcinoma cells results in reduced invasiveness, loss of anchorage-independent growth, and suppression of tumor formation in athymic nude mice (28). Recent studies suggest that the C-terminal half of MBP-1 does not bind to the c-myc promoter (29). However, the Cterminal half of MBP-1 suppressed c-myc transcription and reduced cell growth. The mechanism by which MBP-1 exerts its biological activity is unknown. However, one reasonable explanation is that MBP-1 directly or indirectly modulates the expression of other genes necessary for cell proliferation. In this study, we embarked on a detailed analysis of MBP-1-related functional activities. We have used a number of MBP-1 deletion mutant proteins fused to the DNA binding domain of GAL4 to map its transcriptional regulatory activity. The repressor domains identified in the context of the GAL4 system correlated with the biological activities of MBP-1.
MATERIALS AND METHODSCells. NIH Swiss mouse embryo (NIH 3T3) cells, human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells, and African monkey kidney (COS7) cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Cells were grown in Dulbecco's modif...