Chromosome painting between human and lorisiform prosimians: Evidence for the HSA 7/16 synteny in the primate ancestral karyotype

Abstract

Multidirectional chromosome painting with probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of humans (Homo sapiens, HSA, 2n = 46) and galagos (Galago moholi, GMO, 2n = 38) allowed us to map evolutionarily conserved chromosomal segments among humans, galagos, and slow lorises (Nycticebus coucang, NCO, 2n = 50). In total, the 22 human autosomal painting probes detected 40 homologous chromosomal segments in the slow loris genome. The genome of the slow loris contains 16 sytenic associations of human homologues. The ancient syntenic associations of human chromosomes such as HSA 3/21, 7/16, 12/22 (twice), and 14/15, reported in most mammalian species, were also present in the slow loris genome. Six associations (HSA 1a/19a, 2a/12a, 6a/14b, 7a/12c, 9/15b, and 10a/19b) were shared by the slow loris and galago. Five associations (HSA 1b/6b, 4a/5a, 11b/15a, 12b/19b, and 15b/16b) were unique to the slow loris. In contrast, 30 homologous chromosome segments were identified in the slow loris genome when using galago chromosome painting probes. The data showed that the karyotypic differences between these two species were mainly due to Robertsonian translocations. Reverse painting, using galago painting probes onto human chromosomes, confirmed most of the chromosome homologies between humans and galagos established previously, and documented the HSA 7/16 association in galagos, which was not reported previously. The presence of the HSA 7/16 association in the slow loris and galago suggests that the 7/16 association is an ancestral synteny for primates. Based on our results and the published homology maps between humans and other primate species, we propose an ancestral karyotype (2n = 60) for lorisiform primates.

The phylogenetic position of Daubentonia madagascariensis (Gmelin, 1788; primates, Strepsirhini) as revealed by chromosomal analysis

“…These include HSA2/4, 4/6 and 8/15 associations in all lemuriforms (Carbone et al 2002;Warter et al 2005), and HSA1q/19p, 2/12, 6/14, 12/7/16, 9/15 and 10/19q association in lorisiforms (Stanyon et al 2002;Nie et al 2005), with the exception of Daubentonia madagascariensis which certainly occupies an uncharacteristic position (present study). This has already been observed by early chromosomal banding studies (R-banding) where Daubentonia unequivocally held a distinct position from other lemurs (Rumpler et al 1988;Poormann-Allen and Izard 1990;Dutrillaux and Rumpler 1995).…”

The evolution of human synteny 4 by mapping sub-chromosomal specific probes in Primates

“…The different positions of the probe signal in the two lineages can be explained as the result of a large pericentromeric inversion or of the occurrence of a Figure 2. We considered the literature regarding Strepsirrhini (Müller et al 1997;Richard et al 2000;Cardone et al 2002;Stanyon et al 2002Stanyon et al , 2006Warter et al 2005;Nie et al 2006;Rumpler et al 2008), Platyrrhini (Consigliere et al 1996(Consigliere et al , 1998Richard et al 1996;Morescalchi et al 1997;Stanyon et al 2000Stanyon et al , 2001Stanyon et al , 2003Stanyon et al , 2004Neusser et al 2001;Garcia et al 2002, De Oliveira et al 2002, 2005Barros et al 2003;Serreau et al 2004;Dumas et al 2005Dumas et al , 2007Ruiz-Herrera et al 2005;Amaral et al 2008;Finotelo et al 2010), and Catarrhini Wienberg et al 1992;Bigoni, Koehler, Stanyon, Ishida, et al 1997;Bigoni, Koehler, Stanyon, Morescalchi, et al 1997;Nie et al 1998;Finelli et al 1999;Nie et al 2001;Ruiz-Herrera et al 2002;Müller et al 2003;Bigoni et al 2003Bigoni et al , 2004Stanyon et al 2005;Moulin et al 2008) in order to reconstruct the hy...…”

“…In primates, the HSA 4 homologue has been considered a conserved single submetacentric chromosome (Haig 1999), but many exceptions are known especially in taxa characterized by a high level of chromosomal rearrangements such as Strepsirrhini (Nie et al 2006), New Word monkeys (De Oliveira et al 2002, Cercopithecini (Dumas and Sineo 2010;Moulin et al 2008), and Hylobatidae .…”

Molecular Cytogenetic Studies in Strepsirrhine Primates, Dermoptera and Scandentia

“…In strepsirrhine primates, Dermoptera and Scandentia, nearly 30 species have been analyzed by chromosome painting [Apiou et al, 1996;Müller et al, 1997Müller et al, , 1999Vezuli et al, 1997;Cardone et al, 2002;Stanyon et al, 2002Stanyon et al, , 2006Warter et al, 2005;Nie et al, 2006Nie et al, , 2008Rumpler et al, 2008;Dumas et al, 2012]. Chromosome homologies between human ( Homo sapiens , HSA) and these studied species have been established in all of these studies by using partial or the whole set of human chromosome-specific probes.…”

“…Besides human chromosome-specific probes, 7 sets of chromosome-specific probes from 2 lemurs ( Eulemur fulvus mayottensis , 2n = 60, and E . macaco macaco , 2n = 44) [Müller et al, 1997], 2 galagos ( Galago moholi , 2n = 38) [Nie et al, 2006], ( Otolemur garnettii , 2n = 62) [Stanyon et al, 2006], 1 slow loris ( Nycticebus coucang , 2n = 50) [Stanyon et al, 2006], 1 tree shrew ( Tupaia belangeri , 2n = 62) [Müller et al, 1999], and 1 flying lemur ( G. variegates , 2n = 56) [Nie et al, 2008] have been prepared from flow sorted chromosomes and used in some of these studies. In addition, locus-specific probes derived from the human BAC/PAC libraries have also been used in some of these studies to reconstruct ancestral marker order [Cardone et al, 2002;Stanyon et al, 2008 and references therein].…”