Chromosome Structure and Evolution of Triatominae: A Review

Comparative Cytogenetics of Lace Bugs (Tingidae, Heteroptera): New Data and a Brief Overview

“…These patterns are: (i) two rDNA sites (on one autosomal bivalent, “AA pattern”); (ii) one rDNA site (on the X-chromosome, “X pattern”); (iii) two rDNA sites (on X and Y respectively, “X + Y pattern”); (iv) three rDNA sites (on one autosomal bivalent and on the X-chromosome, “AA + X pattern”). The same four location patterns are the main ones recognized in another cimicomorphan family Reduviidae, which is the best represented group of Heteroptera in terms of rDNA diversity ([ 47 , 48 ], and references therein) suggesting this set of rDNA patterns to be characteristic of true bugs in general.…”

“…Recent findings indicate that some transposons might be involved in rDNA re-patterning. Some classes of transposons were shown to have the ability to capture entire genes and spread them to different regions of the host genome causing the origin of new loci either followed or not followed by the deletion of the original sites (e.g., [ 45 , 48 , 54 , 55 , 56 ], see also references therein). Transposable elements (known as “jumping genes”) comprise significant proportions of most eukaryotic genomes.…”

“…It is assumed that the “insect” motif (TTAGG) n was present in a common ancestor of the phylogenetic lineage Cimicomorpha + Pentatomomorpha [ 67 ]. However, in further evolution, this motif was repeatedly lost by all families, and the only presently known exception is the family Reduviidae, in which all the species studied so far retain the ancestral motif of telomeres [ 48 , 50 , 67 ]. The techniques traditionally used to study telomere motifs, both FISH and Southern blot hybridization, detect a specific DNA sequence but, unfortunately, cannot detect a DNA fragment with an unknown DNA sequence [ 33 ].…”

Triatoma costalimai, a neglected vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Cerrado savannas of South America: A comprehensive review

“…The diploid chromosome complement of T. costalimai (2n ​= ​20 autosomes ​+ ​XX/XY sex chromosomes ​= ​22) is by far the most common in species of the ‘South American Triatomini lineage’ ( sensu Monteiro et al., 2018 ); it is also found in species of the ‘dispar’ and ‘North American’ lineages (including species in Triatoma , Paratriatoma , Panstrongylus , and Dipetalogaster ), as well as in the Rhodniini ( Pita, 2013 , 2017 ; Alevi et al., 2015 ; Alevi, 2017 ; Monteiro et al., 2018 ; Panzera et al., 2021 ). This trait, therefore, is barely informative with regard to the systematics of T. costalimai .…”

“…More useful is the fact that ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clusters are located in one autosomal pair in T. costalimai and T. jatai ( Pita et al., 2016 ). Even if common across South American Triatoma species, this character state suggests that T. costalimai and T. jatai are more distantly related to T. matogrossensis and allies ( T. sordida , Triatoma rosai , Triatoma garciabesi , T. jurbergi and T. vandae ), whose rDNA clusters are on the sex chromosomes, than they are to, e., T. pseudomaculata and allies ( T. williami , T. guazu , T. baratai , T. deaneorum , T. arthurneivai , and Triatoma wygodzinskyi ) or Triatoma rubrovaria and allies ( Triatoma carcavalloi , Triatoma circummaculata , Triatoma guasayana , Triatoma klugi , Triatoma patagonica , and Triatoma pintodiasi ) ( Pita, 2013 , 2017 ; Pita et al., 2016 ; Panzera et al., 2021 ). Results by Bardella et al.…”