The commercial use of copper oxide nanoparticles (nCuO) has raised concerns about the toxic risk to filter feeders such as bivalves. The purpose of this study was to compare the toxicity of nCuO and dissolved Cu 2+ to the freshwater mussel Dreissena bugensis. Mussels were exposed to a range of concentrations of both forms of Cu (2, 10 and 50 µg/L) for 96 h at 15 C. After the exposure period, some mussels were kept aside to determine the air survival time as a measure of resistance to stress. The remaining mussels were processed for total and labile Cu determination in their tissues and the following effects: lipid peroxidation (LPO), DNA damage, arachidonate cyclooxygenase (COX), protein-ubiquitin levels (UB), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. The data revealed that only exposure to Cu 2+ led to the accumulation of total Cu in tissues with a decrease in labile Cu 2+ levels suggesting that Cu was strongly bound to tissues. Exposure to nCuO led to specific effects on COX activity (inflammation) and UB levels (damaged protein turnover). It is concluded that although no significant changes in Cu levels in mussels were detected, exposure to nCuO produced different effects than Cu 2+ in freshwater mussels.