Chrysanthemum Systematics, Genetics, and Breeding

Boase, Murray R.; Miller, Rebecca; Deroles, Simon C.

doi:10.1002/9780470650073.ch10

Cited by 13 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…We found that 'Jimba' has at least 6 CmCCD4a homologs, 4 of which were expressed in ray petals. The decrease in the expression of CmCCD4a in the mutants may be due to a decrease in the number of CmCCD4a homologs expressed; yet carotenoid accumulation in ray petals has been assumed to be controlled by a single dominant gene (Boase et al, 1997;Hattori, 1991). Analysis of CmCCD4a homologs in several cultivars has shown that the copy number is variable among cultivars.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mutation frequency of chrysanthemum is high because the genome is heterozygous, forming an aneuploid, hexaploid complex (2n = 6x = 54 ± 7-9) (Boase et al, 1997;Broertjes, 1966;Dowrick and El-Bayoumi, 1966). The induction of mutations in chrysanthemums has produced a great number of cultivars (Wasscher, 1956).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As chrysanthemums are hexaploid (Boase et al, 1997;Broertjes, 1966;Dowrick and El-Bayoumi, 1966), most genes have multiple copies; so 'Jimba' could have multiple copies of CmCCD4a, and the mutation of one or two would not lead to the total loss of CmCCD4a enzyme activity. We found that 'Jimba' has at least 6 CmCCD4a homologs, 4 of which were expressed in ray petals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been suggested that white-flowered chrysanthemums have a single dominant gene that inhibits carotenoid formation (Boase et al, 1997;Hattori, 1991). We have previously demonstrated that a gene encoding carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (designated CmCCD4a) is specifically expressed in white ray petals of chrysanthemums.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanism behind Petal Color Mutation Induced by Heavy-Ion-Beam Irradiation of Recalcitrant Chrysanthemum Cultivar

Ohmiya

Toyoda

Watanabe

et al. 2012

J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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White chrysanthemum flowers frequently mutate to yellow, but such mutation is rare in 'Jimba'. We found a bud sport (BS) of 'Jimba' with a faintly yellow flower. By applying heavy-ion-beam radiation to the BS, we obtained mutants with a pale yellow flower (IB-1 lines). We irradiated those and obtained mutants with much deeper yellow flowers (IB-2 lines). Decreased expression of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CmCCD4a) was well correlated with increased carotenoid content in petals of the mutants. CmCCD4a comprises a small gene family in the 'Jimba' genome; at least 4 homologs were expressed in the petals of wild-type 'Jimba' and BS, but only 3 were expressed in the petals of IB-1 and only 1 in IB-2. We hypothesize that the decreased number of CmCCD4a homologs caused by irradiation is responsible for the decrease in expression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanism behind Petal Color Mutation Induced by Heavy-Ion-Beam Irradiation of Recalcitrant Chrysanthemum Cultivar

Ohmiya

Toyoda

Watanabe

et al. 2012

J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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“…Mutation breeding, such as by bud sport selection or ion-beam radiation, sometimes produces a white-toyellow petal color mutation (Boase et al, 1997;Machin and Scopes, 1978). Efforts have been made by mutation breeding to breed yellow-flowered cultivars with the same growth properties as 'Jimba', but breeding a "Yellow Jimba" has not yet succeeded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Yellow Jimba”: Suppression of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase (CmCCD4a) Expression Turns White Chrysanthemum Petals Yellow

Ohmiya

Sumitomo

Aida

2009

J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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'Jimba' is the most popular white-flowered chrysanthemum cultivar in Japan. A yellow-flowered cultivar with the same growth properties as 'Jimba' will benefit growers because both forms could be produced under the same conditions. Many breeders have therefore tried to produce a "Yellow Jimba" by mutation breeding but have not yet succeeded. Previously, we showed that color mutation from white to yellow in the petals of ray florets is caused by the loss of a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase gene, CmCCD4a. Here we introduced two separate CmCCD4a RNAi constructs into 'Jimba' by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The double-transformation effectively suppressed CmCCD4a expression in petals, which became yellow. The yellowest transformants contained 102 µg·g −1 FW carotenoids in the petals, and the expression level of CmCCD4a was 0.4% of the wildtype level. Although the transformed plants were significantly smaller than the wild type, flower size was unchanged. We consider that CmCCD4a could become a powerful tool for petal color manipulation from white to yellow.

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Rapid generation cycling transforms pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) into an annualized perennial

2021

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Pyrethrum [Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Vis.] is an important "green pesticide" crop widely used for insect control on plants and for humans. Pyrethrum flowers have the highest Pyrethrin I/Pyrethrin II ratio (%Py) and are harvested at specific stages to maximize yield. Selection for correlative early seed germination and flowering in first year pyrethrum seedlings is challenging and has not been accomplished previously. The breeding objectives for this study were to sample a wide germplasm base to select for rapid generation cycling (RGC) traits of early and high germination in Weeks 1-4, earliness of visible bud date (VBD) and flowering, accelerated growth, high leaf unfolding rates per week, number of shoots, and %Py in the 1st-12th flowers. Seven seed lots were evaluated for germination rate and timing (N = 141,120 seeds) in Year 1 for RGC traits. Seedling germination was recorded weekly with toothpicking to identify germination weeks with successive selection occurring at transplanting. Grand mean percentage germination was low (24.5%), whereas individual seed lots varied (18.4-38.9%). Seedling death was 0.0-6.8%. On average, it took 34-39 wk to reach VBD and an additional 3-4 wk to flower. Thus, flowering in <1 yr without vernalization is a new trait (annualized perennial) selected in this crop. Germination week was significantly correlated with VBD and flowering dates and is an important trait to use for selecting early-flowering genotypes in plug trays. Pyrethrum breeding programs could select the earliest germinating seedlings (Weeks 1-4 after sowing) at transplanting to enhance the likelihood of selecting early-flowering genotypes in the first year and provide an additional year of harvest to increase yield.

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Chrysanthemum Systematics, Genetics, and Breeding

Cited by 13 publications

References 96 publications

Mechanism behind Petal Color Mutation Induced by Heavy-Ion-Beam Irradiation of Recalcitrant Chrysanthemum Cultivar

Mechanism behind Petal Color Mutation Induced by Heavy-Ion-Beam Irradiation of Recalcitrant Chrysanthemum Cultivar

“Yellow Jimba”: Suppression of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase (CmCCD4a) Expression Turns White Chrysanthemum Petals Yellow

Rapid generation cycling transforms pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) into an annualized perennial

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