Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer: an epidemiological inquiry in West Yorkshire.

Abstract

SUMMARY Results are given of a case-control study on bladder cancer in West Yorkshire. The aim of the study was to assess what risks exist for cigarette smoking in the United Kingdom and also to investigate if a dose response effect was present. The study shows for the first time in the United Kingdom a positive but weak relationship between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer. Close examination of the data with regard to this effect shows that a complex set of relationships result when the quantity smoked and the period of smoking are taken into account. A dose response effect is weakly demonstrated when a medium quantity of cigarettes are smoked but it is not present at all in those who smoked most cigarettes for the longest periods. No risk appears to exist for those who have smoked only filter cigarettes. The results are contrasted with similar studies and the significance of the observations are discussed.An association between cigarette consumption and bladder cancer is known as a result of various types of epidemiological inquiry. Correlation studies by Lea,' Fraumeni,2 and Stevens and Moolgavkar,3 several follow up and birth cohort studies," and some case control studies7-13 all indicate that risks exist. There are, however, some deficiencies in our knowledge, in particular no other English case-control study has yet shown a risk.14 Part of the work presented here has already been published in a preliminary form15 but it is the purpose of this study to Tables 1 and 2 show the number of cases and controls in the analyses and their place of interview. Some of the later present fewer results than shown here due to lack of certain information. Table 3 gives the overall result of "ever" versus "never" cigarette smokers from the entire series. These results are similar to those reported in a preliminary study15 for men Table 4 indicates that for men the risks from cigarette smoking decline after abstinence of at least five years; the resulting risk for current smokers Table 5 shows that the risk of the current smokers varies slightly with age at diagnosis but not to any significant degree.

Smoking and Bladder Cancer in Spain: Effects of Tobacco Type, Timing, Environmental Tobacco Smoke, and Gender

“…For smokers of blond tobacco, our findings suggest that risk among those who stopped smoking for many years approximates that of nonsmokers, which is consistent with several previous studies (6,14,17,20,21). Findings from other studies, however, indicate that a reduction in risk occurs within the first 2 to 4 years after stopping but that risk either does not continue to decline with increasing time since quitting (3,10,13,19) or continues to decline but does not return to the level of nonsmokers even after 25 years of cessation (12).…”

“…Studies that have examined the effect of smoking cessation have shown that bladder cancer risk tends to decrease with increasing time since quitting smoking (2,3,6,10,13,14,17,(19)(20)(21). Some have reported that cigarette smokers who inhale deeply may have a greater risk than those who do not (2,5,13,(22)(23)(24), whereas others have found no association between inhalation and bladder cancer risk (3,14,25,26).…”

Tobacco and occupation as risk factors in bladder cancer: A case‐control study in southern belgium

“…The levelling-off of all our dose-response curves is consistent with the findings of others (IARC, 1986). Several features can account for this plateauing, including underestimation of consumption by heavy smokers or, as mentioned by Cartwright et al (1983), it could result from a long-term outcome of competitive diseases related to tobacco consumption, such as lung cancer, leaving a highly resistant group behind. Further, the amounts of tobacco smoked by subjects in our study turn out to be rather variable over time.…”

Cigarette smoking and subtypes of bladder cancer

“…Tumor invasion is promoted by factors that alter the tumor microenvironment such as overexpression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). It has been suggested that etiologic factors, such as cigarette smoking, may be differentially associated with bladder cancer severity 8-13 . Here we examine associations between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer risk taking into account tumor subtypes.…”