Cigarette Smoking and Human Gut Microbiota in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review

Antinozzi, Martina; Giffi, Monica; Sini, Nicolò; Gallé, Francesca; Valeriani, Federica; Vito, Corrado De; Liguori, Giorgio; Spica, Vincenzo Romano; Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia

doi:10.3390/biomedicines10020510

Cited by 44 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The gastrointestinal tract is significantly affected by smoking; in fact, in most of the studies cited, there are differences in the composition of the microbiota between smokers and non-smokers [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]. This finding is also confirmed by a recent systematic review [ 60 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

The Impact of Smoking on Microbiota: A Narrative Review

et al. 2023

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Cigarette smoke is a classic risk factor for many diseases. The microbiota has been recently indicated as a new, major player in human health. Its deregulation—dysbiosis—is considered a new risk factor for several illnesses. Some studies highlight a cross-interaction between these two risk factors—smoke and dysbiosis—that may explain the pathogenesis of some diseases. We searched the keywords “smoking OR smoke AND microbiota” in the title of articles on PubMed®, UptoDate®, and Cochrane®. We included articles published in English over the last 25 years. We collected approximately 70 articles, grouped into four topics: oral cavity, airways, gut, and other organs. Smoke may impair microbiota homeostasis through the same harmful mechanisms exerted on the host cells. Surprisingly, dysbiosis and its consequences affect not only those organs that are in direct contact with the smoke, such as the oral cavity or the airways, but also involve distant organs, such as the gut, heart, vessels, and genitourinary tract. These observations yield a deeper insight into the mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of smoke-related diseases, suggesting a role of dysbiosis. We speculate that modulation of the microbiota may help prevent and treat some of these illnesses.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

The Impact of Smoking on Microbiota: A Narrative Review

et al. 2023

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“…Toxic chemical exposure such as nicotine, aldehydes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons result in intestinal irritation and impaired mucosal immune responses. Proteobacteria increase in number with high number of pack-years of cigarette smoking in systematic review [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal microbiota profile and clinical correlations in advanced EGFR-WT and EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer

et al. 2022

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Introduction Difference in clinical responses to cancer therapy in each patient is from several factors. Gastrointestinal microbiota is one of the reasons. However, this correlation remains unknown. This study aims to explore correlation between gastrointestinal microbiota profile and clinical outcomes in Thai advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) according to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status. Methods We enrolled 13 patients with advanced EGFR–wild-type (WT) NSCLC who received chemotherapy and 15 patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC who received EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We collected fecal samples at baseline and first disease evaluation and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing by NGS to assess microbiota profile. The correlations between gastrointestinal microbiota and clinical variables were studied. Results The clinical characteristics were balanced between the cohorts, excluding significantly higher albumin levels in the EGFR-mutant group. Albumin was the only significant clinical factor affecting the treatment response in multivariate analysis (ORR 15.6%, P = 0.03). Proteobacteria counts were higher in the EGFR-WT group, whereas Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes counts were higher in the EGFR-mutant group. The alpha diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiome was significantly higher in the EGFR-mutant group (Shannon index: 3.82 vs. 3.25, P = 0.022). Following treatment, Proteobacteria counts were lower and Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes counts were higher in both cohorts; the changes were more prominent in the EGFR-WT cohort. No significant correlation between microbiota profile and treatment response were demonstrated in our study. However, beta diversity was significantly different according to severity of adverse events. Enrichment of Clostridia and Bacteroidia was associated with higher adverse event risk in the EGFR-WT cohort. Conclusions Proteobacteria was dominant in Thai lung cancer patients both EGFR-WT and EGFR-mutant, and this phylum maybe associate with lung cancer carcinogenesis. Chemotherapy altered the gastrointestinal microbiota, whereas EGFR-TKIs had less effects. Our findings highlight the potential predictive utility of the gastrointestinal microbiota for lung cancer carcinogenesis. Studies with larger cohorts and comparison with the healthy Thai population are ongoing to validate this pilot study.

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“…We also assessed the effect of lifestyle habits, such as tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on response to the anti-PD-1 therapy in our cohort. Cigarette smoking was found to impact both innate and adaptive immunity and affect gut microbiota composition [120,121]. Furthermore, several studies on NSCLC patients demonstrated improved clinical outcomes to the ICI therapy in smokers versus non-smokers, suggesting that smoking may contribute to higher immunogenicity and activation of the immune microenvironment [122,123].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Clinical Outcome of the anti-PD-1 Therapy of Melanoma in Polish Patients Is Mediated by Population-Specific Gut Microbiome Composition

Pietrzak¹,

Tomela²,

Olejnik-Schmidt³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Gut microbiota is considered a key player modulating the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. The study investigated the association between response to the anti-PD-1 therapy and the baseline gut microbiome in the Polish cohort of melanoma patients, alongside selected agents modifying the microbiome. Sixty-four melanoma patients enrolled for the anti-PD-1 therapy and 10 healthy subjects were recruited. Response to the treatment was assessed according to the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors, and patients were classified as responders or non-responders. The association between selected extrinsic factors and response was investigated using questionnaire-based analysis, and metataxonomics of the microbiota. The Bacteroidota to Firmicutes ratio was higher, and the richness was decreased in the responders. The abundance of Prevotella copri and Bacteroides uniformis was related to the response, whereas non-responder gut microbiota was enriched with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Desulfovibrio intestinalis, and some unclassified Firmicutes. Dietary patterns, including plant, dairy, and fat consumption, but also gastrointestinal tract functioning were significantly associated with the therapeutic effects of the therapy. The specific gut microbiota alongside diet were found associated with response to the therapy in the Polish population of melanoma patients.

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Cigarette Smoking and Human Gut Microbiota in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review

Cited by 44 publications

References 65 publications

The Impact of Smoking on Microbiota: A Narrative Review

The Impact of Smoking on Microbiota: A Narrative Review

Gastrointestinal microbiota profile and clinical correlations in advanced EGFR-WT and EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer

A Clinical Outcome of the anti-PD-1 Therapy of Melanoma in Polish Patients Is Mediated by Population-Specific Gut Microbiome Composition

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