Cigarette Smoking and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Revisit with an Assessment of the Nicotine Dependence Phenotype

Abstract

Background: Cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor of pancreatic cancer (PC). Although an association between nicotine dependence phenotype, namely time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and the risk of several smoking-related cancers has been reported, an association between TTFC and PC risk has not been reported. We assessed the impact of smoking behavior, particularly TTFC, on PC risk in a Japanese population. Materials and Methods: We conducted a case-control study using 341 PC and 1,705 non-cancer patients who visited Aichi Cancer Center in Nagoya, Japan. Exposure to risk factors, including smoking behavior, was assessed from the results of a self-administered questionnaire. The impact of smoking on PC risk was assessed with multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Cigarettes per day (CPD) and/or smoking duration were significantly associated with PC risk, consistent with previous studies. For TTFC and PC risk, we found only a suggestive association: compared with a TTFC of more than 60 minutes, ORs were 1.15 (95%CI, 0.65-2.04) for a TTFC of 30-60 minutes and 1.35 (95%CI, 0.85-2.15) for that of 0-30 minutes (p trend=0.139). After adjustment for CPD or smoking duration, no association was observed between TTFC and PC. Conclusions: In this study, we found no statistically significant association between TTFC and PC risk. Further studies concerning TTFC and PC risk are warranted.

Clinical, Laboratory Biomarkers and Imaging Findings of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in Iran

“…Cigarette smoking is widely known as a risk factor of pancreatic cancer in Japanese studies (p<0.001) (Lin et al, 2002;Matsuo et al, 2011;Nakao et al, 2013). Another study in Turkey confirmed this related between smoking and pancreatic cancer (p<0.0001) ( Engin et al, 2012) and according to a study in Iran, too.…”

The Role of nAChR and Calcium Signaling in Pancreatic Cancer Initiation and Progression

“…Epidemiological studies have provided strong evidence that tobacco smoke increases the risk of pancreatic cancer in a dose and exposure-dependent manner [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]; in a meta-analysis of tobacco risk and pancreatic cancer from 82 studies, there was an estimated 75% increased risk for pancreatic cancer in smokers versus non-smokers. While smoking cessation can lower this risk by up to 50%, the overall risk compared to non-smokers remains elevated in former smokers for up to 10 years or more [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Cigarette smoking and risk of pancreatic cancer: a clinic-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay Area

“…Significant male/female differences also were found in a hospital-based study conducted in Texas [27]. Clinic-based studies conducted in the U.S. [28] and Japan [29] found increased ORs for current cigarette smoking using friends/spouses, or non-cancer, outpatient controls at the hospitals. One Italian, hospital-based, case-control study found similar ORs(OR=1.3) for former and current smokers [30].…”

“…Most epidemiologic studies, using multiple study designs, have demonstrated that heavy smoking(≥20 pack years) is associated with PC [7,8,10,29] and smoking cessation reduces the risk to background levels, particularly after 20 years [7][8][9][10]33]. With a significant decline in cigarette smoking in the US and California in particular over the past decades [54], future research should more fully investigate the degree to which lighter smoking patterns contribute to PC incidence.…”